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why was the vietnam war memorial so controversial?

why was the vietnam war memorial so controversial?

Rather, by honoring those who sacrificed, we hope to provide a symbol of national unity and reconciliation.1. It is a V-shaped polished black granite wall that runs 246 feet long. By years end, 23,000 American military personnel would be in South Vietnam. During the 1970s, it . Their initial timeline was aggressive, with an ultimate goal of dedicating the Memorial on Veterans Day 1982just a little more than 36 months away. The Veterans Administration hospital system was underfunded and ill-equipped to help Vietnam veterans deal with either their physical ailments or the psychological challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder. It set the tone for the ensuing cultural debates pitting the people against the elites, as found in Tom Wolfes criticism of Lins memorial design. Im sure I looked like a deer in the headlights, I was so nervous, Scruggs recalled. By the end of the first afternoon, one of the jurors, Harry Weese, returned to our impromptu conference lounge and told me, Paul, there are two designs out there that could do it.. Sturken notes, "the memorial was seen as a monument to defeat, one that spoke more directly to a nation's guilt than to the honor of the war dead and the veterans." The disagreements over the design revealed anxiety about ownership of the war's representation. Corruption and instability in South Vietnams government did not instill confidence in its people, or in the Americans working with it. News footage showed the fighting in Saigon and Hue. The women soldiers the nurses suffered too. Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Location, History & FAQs Most importantly, they needed to navigate the channels of government authorizations and approvals. Tensions between blacks and whites had been intensifying for years as African Americans sought to change centuries-old racial policies. 17. In the Shadow of the Washington Monument. Traumatic memoriessuch as those of police officers brutally beating anti-war protesters at the 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago and members of the National Guard opening fire on students protesting the war at Kent State University in Ohiowere removed, like a tumor, from the body of the nation and assigned to another geographical location: Vietnam. After the dedication, Scruggs and Wheeler walked together along the upper side of the Memorial ground, near Constitution Avenue. The more people you got to co-sponsor, the more people wanted to join.. The priorities were to launch fund raising and achieve passage of the authorizing legislation. Although differences in the two bills required a Conference Committee to meet, on July 1, at a White House Rose Garden ceremony, President Jimmy Carter signed legislation providing two acres for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on the National Mall. On January 21, 1970, Jan Scruggs was having his morning cup of coffee, but he was far from his kitchen table at home. Many had worked together, some in Washington. There were four phases to the design competition spanning almost one year: planning and preparation; the launch; the design phase; the design evaluation and selection; the press conference and public presentation. Together, we can make sure our heroes will get the reverence they deserve and the stories and sacrifices of our heroes will never be forgotten. Dana Joy Helwick explains how, and why, she uses contemporary artists as role models in her classroom. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. In the Rose Garden of the White House, immediately following President Jimmy Carters signing of the bill, Scruggs explained to the press the vision of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF), the non-profit organization that collected and administered the funds for the memorial. while the veterans were primarily concerned with the ability of the design to offer emotional comfort to veterans and the families of the dead, either in terms of forgiveness or honor.7. The designs were received and processed in a large warehouse east of Washington. Congress swiftly passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that removed most restrictions from the president in regards to Vietnam. They complained about the walls being black. You may have been tear-choked as you touched or watched others touch "the Wall" at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, the most visited war memorial in our nation's capital. A Space of Loss: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial - JSTOR Why was Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial initially controversial? It seemed every time they contacted someone, they were greeted with enthusiasm for the idea. Color should mean nothing now., Sideys piece continued: At the end of five hours and much shouting, General Mike Davison, retired, who led the Cambodian incursion in 1970, proposed a compromise: add the figure of a soldier in front of the long granite walls that will bear the 57,709 names of those who died or are missing and the tribute to all who served. At the time, well-managed open design competitions were common in Europe, but not in the United States. As the commentaries of Wolfe, the New Republic, and the National Review demonstrate, the media was happy to add fuel to the fire of the veterans indignation through editorial contributions and obsessive coverage of the debate. It was the Senators gut feeling that we needed to do this., This was serious business, Mathias said. Also known as "America's Longest War," U.S. involvement in Vietnam War did not end until 1973. It was becoming apparent that we had been able to be instruments to something far greater than anything we had ever imagined.. With the winning design in hand, Spreiregen had less than 24 hours to craft an explanation of the decisionand the designthat would be suitable for presentation to VVMF. Hidden in a hole in the ground, with no means of access for those Vietnam veterans who are condemned to spend the rest of their days in a wheelchair. The design Lin envisioned listed the names chronologically by date of casualty. (An American medic treated him during World War II, probably saving his life.) At that time, they just ignored you and wished you would go away. But the fact that the language deployed to critique Arads and Walkers design so closely echoed the criticism launched against Lin in the early 1980s signifies that the debates of that era remain unresolved. 4 (Summer 1996): 685. Corrections? Here's how a controversial work of art healed America after Vietnam But instead of enthusiasm, he received skepticism. 16. As a senior at Yale University, Lin entered a nationwide competition sponsored by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, and her design was selected from the more than 1,400 submissions that were received. His reasoning was that a complete mess would make it tough to stop construction. Furthermore, the extreme visual simplicity of Lins monument made it easy for critics to utilize it in a concurrent debate about the merits of minimalist sculptures as public artworks. Maya Lin was practically a kid when her design was selected to become the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, DC. With the jury selected, the next task was to announce and promote the competition. Many pushed friends in wheelchairs. But can America truly mean that we should feel honored by that black pit?6. Not only was Harts statue included at the memorial site, but a flagpole was added as well. Over the next few years, as the war came to a close and more and more troops returned home, the media began to paint a picture of the stereotypical Vietnam veteran: drug addicted, bitter, discontented, and unable to adjust to life back home. He also said there would be a pause in the air attacks on North Vietnam as the first step to de-escalate and promised America would substantially reduce the present level of hostilities.. With the site approved, VVMF scrambled to address the issues of what the Memorial would look like and who would design it. Architectural drawings and a one-page written summary, 1980 or 1981. Although thousands of people were there, It was so very quiet, Wheeler recalled. On Saturday, a grand parade took place where veterans marched joyously out of sync, some hand-in-hand or with their arms draped around one another, holding banners, flags, and signs. ' Continuing, Wolfe sarcastically asked: Shouldnt public sculpture delight the public or inspire the public or at least remind the public of cherished traditions? General Price, along with Senators Warner and Mathias and future Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, gave moving addresses before the command was given, and 150 shovels entered the ground with enthusiastic veterans enjoying the moment. Dark tourism, also known as black tourism, thanatourism or grief tourism, is tourism that is associated with death or tragedy. (Some in the North Vietnamese government thought the course of war in the south was unwise, but they were overruled.) Their motto is: Honor the dead by serving the living. Volunteering to assist VVMF was an ideal opportunity for Cupp to do just that. As Sturken notes in her essay, The Aesthetics of Absence: Rebuilding Ground Zero, the impetus to create a memorial at the site of the Twin Towers was almost instantaneousby the next day, even as the names and number of dead remained unknown, there was discussion of a memorial.13 Discussions about what to do with the site addressed two twin concerns: the redevelopment of what had been both a hub of commercial activity and an integral part of a broader residential neighborhoodlower Manhattanand the memorialization of the loss of lives that occurred at the site. Their military experience meant they had contacts far and wide, at all levels of all professions, within government and the private sector. This would be a war without a front or a rear; it would involve full-scale combat units and individuals carrying out terrorist activities such as the Brink Hotel bombing. The Vietnam War was a divisive and politically polemic war. The Vietnam War: Facts & Info About the Most Controversial - HistoryNet Or, people would tell me, Well why did you let him go? Of course, what choice do you have?. Vietnam Veterans Memorial (eBook) - Julia Hargrove 2002-03-01 The Vietnam conflict was one of the most controversial engagements in the history of the United States. You may have been tear-choked as you touched or watched others touch "the Wall" at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, the most visited war memorial in our nation's capital. 6. zThe Vietnam Wall Controversy, Round 3, October 1981January 1982, History on Trial, Lehigh University Digital Library, accessed April 21, 2011, https://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/trial/vietnam/r3/october/. Washington, D.C. Aerial view. The first fundraising letter was signed by Bob Hope. The reputation of the jurors was important to attract the best designers and to minimize second guessing by the Federal approval bodies. Once Scruggs decided to build the memorial, the next step was to get some people behind him. 400,000 1 million military Ruling out an invasion of North Vietnam assured that a purely military victory would not be possible, a fact that was at odds with many Americans expectations for the war. While many veterans successfully reintegrated into their families and communities, tucking their experiences in combat away on a mental back shelf, others were unable to cope on their own. On that January day, There was a big explosion, Scruggs recalled. Bronze. As Scruggs analyzed the concept of collective psychological states, he realized that, just as veterans needed psychological healing, so too did the nation. It was decided that VVMF would hold a design competition, open to any American citizen over 18 years of age. Such images pack tremendous emotional punch but often lack context. He organized the advisors and volunteers into task groups: public relations, financial management, fund raising, legislation, site selection, and design/construction. For this reason, in Vietnam today it is known as the American War. But if the challenges seemed insurmountable, no one expressed any fears. Ibid. Scruggs took a bold step in contacting Virginia Senator John Warner. Its army lacked reserves, while the NVA was growing. And if they themselves didnt know how to help, they knew someone who did. Furthermore, he explicitly framed his interpretation of the memorial in (perceived) opposition to an explicitly artistic perspective. This message of personal responsibility, in contrast to governance by an elite group on behalf of individuals, became a hallmark of the Reagan administration. He also found that those veterans whose units experienced high casualty rates were experiencing higher divorce rates and a greater frequency of combat-related dreams. These meanings serve as unifying forces, reinforcing the idea of a shared national identity and healing rifts in the communal experience of nationhood. In 1972 a poll determined he was the most trusted man in America.. Cupp had experienced firsthand the pains caused by the war. Swartz, 95. The memorial consists of three parts: the Three Servicemen Statue, the Vietnam Women's Memorial, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall. North Vietnam, had by then established a presence in Laos and developed the Ho Chi Minh Trail through that country in order to resupply and reinforce its forces in South Vietnam. Scruggs and Doubek realized that Cupp could be instrumental in helping communicate the all-important personal, emotional side of the healing story. Casualties for the Republic of South Vietnam will never be adequately resolved. They really worked well together and were the driving force. American involvement began to escalate under President John F. Kennedys administration (January 1961November 1963). Tour Washington D.C.'s Arlington National Cemetery, Tomb of the Unknowns, and Vietnam Veterans Memorial, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vietnam-Veterans-Memorial, How Stuff Works - History - Vietnam Veterans Memorial, National Park Service - Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Why was the Vietnam memorial so controversial? Some opponents simply did not like the fact that Lin was a young student, a woman, and of Asian descent; how in the world could she possibly know how to honor the service of the Vietnam veteran? The domino fell but did not take down any of those around it. Sturken, 320. The design team and VVMF searched for a way for the names to be sandblasted rather than hand-carved. Veterans needed this, and so did the nation. However, that posed a problem of how tolocate an individual name. American Artist discusses science fiction in the context of contemporary art and the concept of Colored Time.. Veterans frequently found themselves denying their time in Vietnam, never mentioning their service to new friends and acquaintances for fear of the reactions it might elicit. The construction process hits a snag when relentless and powerful critics, led by Tom Carhart, find an unsavory political message in the supposedly apolitical winning design -- ultimately forcing a compromise, the addition of a flag and a statue with three soldiers to the Wall. Following the Tet Offensive of 1968, the NVA had to assume the major combat role because the VC was decimated during the offensive. Scruggs and Doubek began having regular meetings with John P. Wheeler, a graduate of West Point and Harvard Business School. Why Were Vietnam War Vets Treated Poorly When They . They set their sights in support of the clear, simple vision Scruggs outlined:to honor the warrior and not the war. They were feeling alienated from the nations leaders, and they had low self-esteem. He had been a war correspondent during World War II and had reported from Vietnam during Americas early involvement. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. VVMF met the prospective jurors and scrutinized their credentials. The Inspiration. Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington D.C. Like many veterans, Carhart read Lins design through the lens of his own experience: encountering an America that was at best indifferent and at worst outright hostile towards soldiers returning from Vietnam. It was also a hard-earned victory, leaving more than 300 U.S. They did not like its minimalist design. The Making of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial - JSTOR Daily The eldest juror, Pietro Belluschi, took a full day, said Spreiregen. Frances military involvement in Vietnam began when it sent warships in 1847, ostensibly to protect Christians from the ruling emperor Gia Long. 11. Together with Spreiregen, he composed a report based on these thoughtful comments. Johnson wanted to focus on instituting Great Society programs at home, but Vietnam was a snake he did not dare let go of. I am tired of hearing it called such by you. Frustrated, Nixon ordered the big bombersB-52sto strike Hanoi, beginning December 16 (Operation LINEBACKER). One film that came out early that year,The Deer Hunter,explored the effects of war on three friends, their families and a tight-knit community. The NVA had to take over. On the other hand, Congress had never declared war and so the president was limited in what he could do in Southeast Asia. It was surreal.. In July 1959, North Vietnams leaders passed an ordinance called for continued socialist revolution in the north and a simultaneous revolution in South Vietnam. Lower Manhattan must not be transformed into a vast mausoleum, obviously, but neither must it be transformed into a theme park for advanced architectural taste.15, Such rhetoric spilled over from the initial debates surrounding the redevelopment of the site of the Twin Towers to those regarding the design for the memorial. When Lin asked how many Smiths would be on The Wall, the team realized how important the chronological listing was to the design. Earlier, in March 1968, the Americal Division had been involved in what became known as the My Lai Massacre, in which over 100 men, women and children were killed. A few of the most vocal opponents, including James Webb and H. Ross Perot, had previously been strong supporters of a memorial. It also offered a way to exorcise lingering bitterness and anxieties that the war had propagated. In late spring 1969, American and South . Security was improving even as American forces were in the process of withdrawing. But Lin doesn't like anybody "drawing mustaches" on her design and, with the support of many in the Art world, pressures the Commission of Fine Arts to scuttle the compromise and hatch a new one. Karal Ann Marling and Robert Silberman, The Statue Near the Wall: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Art of Remembering, Smithsonian Studies in American Art 1, no. That changed in August 1964. And none of them discussed their own personal feelings or political views regarding the war. Paul Haagas spouse, Heather Sturt Haaga, soon came forward to lend her experience in fund raising. As noted above, a number of sources warned U.S. leaders against becoming embroiled in Southeast Asia. Joe Biden's slogan that it was time "to end the forever war" in Afghanistan was called imbecilic by former Prime Minister Tony Blair. Adding to Americans disillusionment was the race issue. However, polls consistently showed the majority of Americans supported the war. Warner, who had served as Secretary of the Navy during the war, was himself a veteran of World War II and the Korean War. Reagans 1981 inaugural speech exemplified the political rhetoric used by his administration to promote his vision to the American public. The VC were often supplemented by units of the Peoples Army of Vietnam (PAVN), more often called simply the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) by those fighting against it. Post-war, the French tried to re-establish control but faced organized opposition from the Viet Minh (short for Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi, or League for the Independence of Vietnam), led by Ho Chi Minh and Giap. Doubek approached Scruggs after the meeting and suggested that he form a nonprofit corporation as a vehicle to build a memorial. Social critics and commentators quickly picked up and elaborated on Carharts characterization of the memorial. North and South Vietnam were combined into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976. An electrical storm was interfering with the ships radar and may have given the impression of approaching attack boats. Climbing Hamburger Hill 50 years after the Vietnam War's The Battle of Hamburger Hill was fought May 10-20, 1969, during the Vietnam War (1955-1975). In addition to the accounts of its creation, sev- Woods remembered, I was like the kid at FAO Schwartz. [] Over the past two months, art mullahs of every description have begun a holy war against the addition of [Harts] statue.8. He, in turn, called the Buddhists VC sympathizers. Vietnam Veterans Memorial | Facts, Designer, & Controversy In a February 27, 1968, broadcast he summed up what he had found during his return trip to the war zone.

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why was the vietnam war memorial so controversial?