how are identity and communication related
While the term sexual preference has been used previously, sexual orientation is more appropriate, since preference implies a simple choice. 25. Treat adults as adults. A meta-analysis of nearly 150 studies and over 300,000 participants found that socially connected people Identity and communication are related in that we 4 As with other cultural identities, notions of sexuality have been socially constructed in different ways throughout human history. Race didnt become a socially and culturally recognized marker until European colonial expansion in the 1500s. The gay and lesbian rights movement became widely recognizable in the United States in the 1950s and continues on today, as evidenced by prominent issues regarding sexual orientation in national news and politics. There are numerous components of ICC. The workplace is one context where changing demographics has become increasingly important. Instant messaging You may find that someone identifies as Chinese American or Korean American instead of Asian American. I dont hate men or anything, and Im not interested in protesting. Table 3.2 Developments Related to Sexuality, Identity, and Communication. Scholars in the fields of psychology, sociology, political science, and communication, for example, have increasingly paid attention to and incorporated social identity theory into their study of everything from how politicians communicate to how people vote to how people interact with other cultures. The womens rights movement in the United States dates back to the 1800s, when the first womens rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 (Wood, 2005). c. Psychoanalytical noise. The link was not copied. There are multiple models for examining identity development. b. we engage others in conversation. The relational aspect of the communication. C. find others' identities become our own through communication. Thus, social identity theory is a robust theoretical framework that, in recent years, has had broad appeal and application across a number of academic disciplines. What movements in the late 180018001800s addressed urban problems? d. Both physiological and psychological noise. E-mailing The first gay rights organization in the United States, the Chicago Society for Human Rights, is founded. The difference between a quantitative view of communication and a qualitative view of communication is: For those who do lip read, be sensitive to their needs by placing yourself so that you face the light source and keep hands, cigarettes, and food away from your mouth when speaking. Whenever we encounter someone, we notice similarities and differences. The Greeks make connections between biology, physiology, and actions. Adopting the language practices of the dominant group may minimize perceived differences. While the category of Asian Americans can be useful when discussing broad trends, it can also generalize among groups, which can lead to stereotypes. When speaking with a person who uses a wheelchair or a person who uses crutches, place yourself at eye level in front of the person to facilitate the conversation. Press. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) includes which of the following? Folkways. The following sentence may contain a subject-verb or pronoun-antecedent agreement error. So, as you read, think about how circumstances may be different for an individual with multiple nondominant and/or dominant identities. The Communication Theory of Identity identifies four frames of identity and their interpenetration. Just like race, gender is a socially constructed category. It then builds on previous work, exploring such topics as conformity and solidarity among ingroup members and prejudice and stereotyping toward outgroup members. When the authors suggest that communication will not solve all problems, they mean which of the following? Sumner, W.G. 1906. This has also created a backlash, which some scholars argue is tied more to the race of the immigrants than the language they speak and a fear that white America could be engulfed by other languages and cultures (Speicher, 2002). is "the process of using the SENSES to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation" Differences in perception between two people may be the result of people's * present feelings and circumstances * past experiences and roles * indentity factors PDF Cultural diversity and information and communication impacts on - ed What would a person who looked at this list be able to tell about you? This question illustrates the importance of gender in organizing our social lives and our interpersonal relationships. Doctors and other decision makers like politicians also used womens menstrual cycles as evidence that they were irrational, or hysterical, and therefore couldnt be trusted to vote, pursue higher education, or be in a leadership position. People are tracked into various educational programs based on their physical and cognitive abilities, and there are many cases of people being mistakenly labeled disabled who were treated differently despite their protest of the ascribed label. Identity | Psychology Today Employs a social psychological approach to examine the relationship between ingroup attachment and outgroup hostility. But immigrant groups that we might think of as white today were not always considered so. a. a. gain an idea of who we are from the way others communicate with us. Its primary contribution is the idea that ingroups seek to positively distinguish themselves from outgroups, which gives rise to social competition in which ingroups engage in comparisonsemphasizing certain attributes or achievementsthat favor the ingroup over other groups. Sexuality relates to culture and identity in important ways that extend beyond sexual orientation, just as race is more than the color of ones skin and gender is more than ones biological and physiological manifestations of masculinity and femininity. Cancer The Vermont Supreme Court rules that the state must provide legal rights to same-sex couples. Knowing why and how this came to be and how to navigate our increasingly diverse society can make us more competent communicators. ERIC - EJ1218039 - Engineering Identity and Communication Outcomes Then we attempt to construct that gendered identity through our interactions with others, which is our gender expression. Do you think diversity training should be mandatory or voluntary? Leaning on or hanging on to a persons wheelchair is similar to leaning or hanging on to a person and is generally considered annoying. Gender identity and sexual orientation Most people have a sense of physical, emotional and romantic attraction to others. Statistically, people with disabilities make up the largest minority group in the United States, with an estimated 20 percent of people five years or older living with some form of disability (Allen, 2011). There are many ways to perform a particular identity - you can improve your communication if you are tolerant of many variations 3. Both race and color were used on census forms. 2. One intercultural communication scholar writes of his experiences as an Asianlatinoamerican (Yep, 2002). Instead, repeat what you have understood and allow the person to respond. Some people of color may engage in code-switching when communicating with dominant group members because they fear they will be negatively judged. d. we create new ways of teaching communication to children. Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals are sometimes referred to as sexual minorities. Turner, J.C. 1985. The Americans with Disabilities Act is passed through Congress and signed into law. Unpacking the definition, we can see that culture shouldnt be conceptualized as stable and unchanging. Words you understand may not be understood by others. Getting others to behave in ways that we want is considered what type of goal? For example, a person may be attracted to men, women, both or neither. In the United States, the population of people of color is increasing and diversifying, and visibility for people who are gay or lesbian and people with disabilities has also increased. This study, which is credited with creating the field of social identity theory, actually built on the previous work Turner 1975 regarding social categorization, which suggests that ingroups seek to positively distinguish themselves from outgroup by accentuating certain attributes or achievements that favor the ingroup over other outgroups. Most of peoples' problems are due to physical conditions that have little to do with communication. If necessary, ask short questions that require short answers, a nod, or a shake of the head. As disability has been constructed in US history, it has intersected with other cultural identities. Is a transactional process involving participants who occupy different but overlapping environments. Obviously one can change nationality by becoming a citizen of another country, although most people do not. Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, Table 8.1 Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1615183,00.html, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/census-data-reveals-changed-american-landscape/story?id=13206427, http://www.opm.gov/hrd/lead/policy/divers97.asp#PART%20B, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/19/AR2008011901899_pf.html, Next: 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This backlash has led to a revived movement to make English the official language of the United States. Staying in this stage may indicate a lack of critical thinking if a person endorses the values of the nondominant group without question. Currently, the terms African American and black are frequently used, and both are considered acceptable. Discuss the ways in which difference may influence how you communicate in each of the following contexts: academic, professional, and personal. Tens of thousands of gay men are sent to concentration camps under Nazi rule. Personal identities include the components of self that are primarily intrapersonal and connected to our life experiences. While race and gender are two of the first things we notice about others, sexuality is often something we view as personal and private. For example, they make a connection between epilepsy and a disorder of the mind but still consider the source to be supernatural or divine. Coworkers. Different identities are emphasized depending on with whom we are communicating and what the conversation is about. The Trail of Tears refer to the route of the Cherokee people on their forced march to a reservation west of the Mississippi in the 183018301830s. This begins a lifelong process of thinking about who we are now, who we were before, and who we will become (Tatum, B. D., 2000). None of these choices is correct. Moises, the Chicano man I mentioned earlier, now works to support the Chicano community in his city and also has actively supported gay rights and womens rights. Interpersonal relationships are critical in the accomplishment of even the most mundane of activities. In 2000, Vermont becomes the first state to offer same-sex couples civil unions. Why? This means that messages we receive from others (who they think we are) influence who we think we are. 4.5.0: Self-Perception, Identity, and Communication 1. During the eugenics movement in the United States, more than sixty thousand people in thirty-three states were involuntarily sterilized (Allen, 2011). One study of college students who frequently use instant messaging concluded that "nothing appears to compare to face-to-face communication in terms of satisfying individuals' communication, information, and social needs." 4. More broadly, this study elaborates and provides empirical support for the original work done on social identity theory found in Tajfel and Turner 1979. Another national controversy has revolved around the inclusion of Spanish in common language use, such as Spanish as an option at ATMs, or other automated services, and Spanish language instruction in school for students who dont speak or are learning to speak English. Moises, a Chicano man interviewed in a research project about identities, narrated how he changed his Mexican sounding name to Moses, which was easier for his middle-school classmates and teachers to say (Jones Jr., 2009). 3. Race and communication are related in various ways. Feminism has gotten a bad reputation based on how it has been portrayed in the media and by some politicians. Businesses in the United States spend $200 to $300 million a year on diversity training, but is it effective? Most relationships are not either interpersonal or impersonal. Communication is the most widely used approach to satisfying which of the following? Identification is ever more important in the online world, and identity-related crime is a growing problem related to this. Sex is based on biological characteristics, including external genitalia, internal sex organs, chromosomes, and hormones (Wood, 2005). The essential way to live in societies and to maintain one's culture is to communicate. The terms we most often use to categorize sexual orientation are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, and bisexual. 24. The focus is on the interplay between personal and social identity and the key innovation in this study is self-categorization theory, which postulates that individuals tend to both accentuate similarities between themselves and other ingroup members on certain stereotypical attributes associated with the group (prototypes) and exaggerate differences along these same dimensions among members of outgroups. Looking in Looking Out Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet As we will discuss later, privilege and disadvantage, like similarity and difference, are not all or nothing. No two people are completely different or completely similar, and no one person is completely privileged or completely disadvantaged. As beliefs in the supernatural increase during the Middle Ages, people with disabilities are seen as manifestations of evil and are ridiculed and persecuted. The label Latin American generally refers to people who live in Central American countries. This study serves as an important step toward the establishment of self-categorization theory. Table 3.1 Racial Classifications in the US Census. These thoughts led to a dark time in US history, as the eugenics movement sought to limit reproduction of people deemed as deficient. There is also deviation from and resistance to those patterns by individuals and subgroups within a culture, which is why cultural patterns change over time. These inequalities in schools correspond to larger inequalities in the general workforce. Although they are not given their own section, consider how those identities may intersect with the identities discussed next. Brenda Allen acknowledges the newer label of African American but notes that she still prefers black. Summarize nondominant and dominant identity development. These individuals may begin to disassociate with their own dominant group because they feel like a curtain has been opened and their awareness of the inequality makes it difficult for them to interact with others in their dominant group. The ILM calls for more individual and collective action toward social change by people with disabilities. And people who insist that we are all equal may claim that minorities are exaggerating their circumstances or whining and just need to work harder or get over it. The person making these statements acknowledges difference but doesnt see their privilege or the institutional perpetuation of various -isms. Although Ive encountered many more people in the passive state of acceptance than the active state, some may progress to an active state where they acknowledge inequality and are proud to be in the superior group. Why do you think the media portrays sexuality and identity the way it does? Specifically, individuals will seek to protect or enhance a particular group identity (through words or actions) when they perceive it to be threatened or they sense an opportunity to promote or enhance it. I once attended a workshop about ability privilege led by a man who was visually impaired. Communication and Identity Construction - HubPages If so, what did you learn or take away from the training? 1987. Dominant identities historically had and currently have more resources and influence, while nondominant identities historically had and currently have less resources and influence. Race, gender, sexuality, and ability are cultural identities that affect our communication and our relationships. A commitment to a diverse and inclusive workplace environment must include a multipronged approach. Although the eugenics movement as it was envisioned and enacted then is unthinkable today, some who have studied the eugenics movement of the early 1900s have issued warnings that a newly packaged version of eugenics could be upon us. This finding by the Human Genome Project asserts that race is a social construct, not a biological one. Sexual desires All of these are discussed in the chapter. Discuss how each of the four cultural identities discussed affects and/or relates to communication. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. a. Spreckels, J. and Helga Kotthoff, Communicating Identity in Intercultural Communication, in Handbook of Intercultural Communication, eds. 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback, 6.1 Principles of Interpersonal Communication, 6.2 Conflict and Interpersonal Communication, 6.3 Emotions and Interpersonal Communication, 6.4 Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication, 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence, 9.2 Researching and Supporting Your Speech, 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions, 12.1 Speaking in Personal and Civic Contexts, 14.1 Leadership and Small Group Communication, 14.3 Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups, 15.1 Technological Advances: From the Printing Press to the iPhone, 15.2 Functions and Theories of Mass Communication, 16.3 New Media, the Self, and Relationships. This design offers multiple benefits: Reuses existing identities from your identity management system. The radio station came to COLLINS to accomplish all of this in time for its 80th . There are innumerous options for personal and social identities. Live close to 4 years longer than those who are socially isolated. Many people are beginning to regularly communicate with family and friends over the computer rather than face-to-face. Culture is negotiated, and as we will learn later in this chapter, culture is dynamic, and cultural changes can be traced and analyzed to better understand why our society is the way it is. Labels such as Puerto Rican or Mexican American, which further specify region or country of origin, may also be used. People in the redefinition stage revise negative views of their identity held in the previous stage and begin to acknowledge their privilege and try to use the power they are granted to work for social justice. Transgender people may or may not seek medical intervention like surgery or hormone treatments to help match their physiology with their gender identity. Most Internet users report the time they spend online has no influence on the amount of time they spend with their family or friends. Theres that guilt. Most of peoples' problems are due to psychological barriers that have little to do with communication. Having taught about various types of privilege for years, Ive encountered many students who want to return their privilege or disown it. The relational aspect of the communication. When referring to the group as a whole, you could say Latinas and Latinos instead of just Latinos, which would be more gender inclusive. a. Many organizations are striving to comply with changing laws by implementing policies aimed at creating equal access and opportunity. Tajfel, H. 1981. & Kotthoff, H., 2009). Hogg, M.A., and D. Abrams. Cultural identities are components of self based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for our thoughts and behaviors. For example, I have had students who struggle to see that they are in this stage say things like I know that racism exists, but my parents taught me to be a good person and see everyone as equal. While this is admirable, seeing everyone as equal doesnt make it so. Chapters 1-4 Test Flashcards | Quizlet Social identity theory has its roots in earlier scholarship in social psychology, which focused on the origins and nature of intergroup conflict. Allen, B. J., Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity, 2nd ed. There is a long history of appreciation for people who cross gender lines in Native American and South Central Asian cultures, to name just two. The terms heterosexuality and homosexuality appear in Websters dictionary with generally the same meaning the terms hold today. Given that race is one of the first things we notice about someone, its important to know how race and communication relate (Allen, 2011). Our social identities are the components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups with which we are interpersonally committed. In these situations, it is more likely that stereotypes and prejudice will influence our communication. Communications 256: Intercultural Communication, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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