huck turned to his friend jim or as we called him
Twain grew up in the presence of his parents' and other Hannibal, Missourians' slaves, and listened to their stories; an uncle, too, was a slave owner. There is now trust and commitment in their friendship. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn! Here, Huck reframes his moral dilemma in the religious terms that he first learned from the Widow Douglas. can use them for free to gain inspiration and new creative ideas for their writing Institutions, golf courses, sports fields these are just some examples of the locations we can rid of pests. But his bond of friendship with Jim is so strong and deep, he cannot. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Quotes Showing 1-30 of 243. In his novel, The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn, A young white boy named Huck sets out in adventure with a black slave named Jim. Although he struggles with this idea throughout the novel, he eventually makes the final decision to break away from society. "to live for my family, friends, and ALL people everywhere" rpw---1977 poems by Robert P. Wallman. Enter the word from the list below that is most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself:"All right, then, I'll go to hell"- and tore it up. Want to get in touch? early marriage in nigeria: causes consequences and solutions. Even though Huck's original intent is to turn Jim in, Huck lies for him so that he is not caught. You'll also receive an email with the link. But he also understands that helping Miss Watson would hurt Jim. In Chapter 1, Huck stays up after everyone has gone to bed and listens to the sounds of the night. What are two cleverness ideas from the king and the duke? Considering that this is the only time in the book when Huck is at a loss for words, his confession shows just how exhausted he really is. In his own crafty way, Huck Finn is standing up for what he believes is the moral thing to do. Below, well explore 16 Huck Finn quotesthat highlight the complexities of this great American novel. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. When Pam was about These many instances of foreshadowing show the authors magic touch working behind the scenes. Term. When the book "Game Change," for example, included comments by Harry Reid saying that Obama could win the presidency because he was a "light-skinned Negro with no negro dialect unless he chose to have one," many people had a conniption because youre just not allowed to "say" that. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! We are a Claremont, CA situated business that delivers the leading pest control service in the area. ?>, Order original essay sample specially for your assignment needs, https://phdessay.com/the-friendship-between-huckleberry-finn-and-jim/, A Comparison of the Similarities and Differences Between the Characters of Huckleberry Finn from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and John Grady Cole from All the Pretty Horses, The Impact of Finn's Role Models on Huck's Life in Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", Compare and Contrast Huckleberry Finn and to Kill a Mockingbird, Literary analysis of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, get custom However, since she was too decent, refined and . After all, if people were just a smidge more critical, the Duke and Dauphin wouldnt have been able to swindle all the money they did. When the families discover one of the Grangerfordss daughters (Miss Sophia) has eloped with a Shepherdson, a gunfight breaks out between the families. What dreams and plans does Jim have for his future once he successfully escapes from slavery? Continue to start your free trial. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. One of the most important aspects of Hucks and Jims friendship is that Huck learns to go against society. This use of language was a first in the history of Western literature, and it opened the doors for many American artists to experiment with local dialects in their work. 20% Huck doesnt fully understand this until he plays a mean joke on Jim that leaves Jim deeply hurt, when I got all wore out wid work, en wid calling you, en went to sleep my heart was mos broke bekause you woz los, ( ) , en all you could think of how you make a fool uv ole jim, (Twain 55) After the incident, Huck comes to the realization that Jim isnt just a slave but a person. Need urgent help with your paper? At this point in the novel, Huck Finn has just realized the Duke and Dauphin have betrayed the runaway slave Jim and sold him into captivity. Indeed, in Toni Morrisons famous essay on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, she notes that Hucks decision to abandon silence and chance the truth with Mary Jane represents one of the boys most mature and difficult decisions., All kings is mostly rapscallions, as fur as I can make out.. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a short novel that has been around for more than 100 years. Whats the use you learning to do right when its troublesome to do right and aint no trouble to do wrong, and the wages is just the same?. Of all the characters in Mark Twain's works there probably wasn't any of whom he was fonder than the one that went down the river with Huck Finn. Collected here are images that depict the very essence of cool. For example, all of the foolish men who saw the Duke and Dauphins scam show The Royal Nonesuch didnt take action to shut the show down. Folks have long been freaked out by the 200-plus times Mark Twain used the word "nigger" in his classic novel "Huckleberry Finn," and as a consequence the book is rarely taught in high school these days (or so I'm told; that's where I first encountered it decades ago). Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Background. Jim, however, refuses to . These foolish people gave the Duke and Dauphin even more cash! They both care about each other and look out for one another. Sometimes it is hard to do all the work on your own. (one code per order). According to Merriam-Webster, a bildungsroman is a novel about the moral and psychological growth of the main character. 1 / 20. In the beginning of the novel, Hucks relationship with Jim is one of only acquaintance. collected. This scares Huck into deciding to turn Jim into the authorities. Subscribe now. But of course it is not a total victory because Huck doesn't realize that his brand of morality is superior to that of the shore. "It's a dead man. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Much like The Fool in Shakespeares King Lear sees the hypocrisy of Lears court, the outcast Huck Finn can better see through societys pretenses. huck turned to his friend jim or as we called him Well, at that point, Dave, he left, he was done. Paul Delaney's article "You Can't Go Back to the Raft Ag' in Huck honey! Aunt Sally asks if anyone was killed in the explosion, and Huck responds, Nom. 646 likes. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Tom pays Jim 40 dollars, and the trio departs. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Of Mark Twains 28 full-length books, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) always stands out as his supreme achievement. essay, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Literature Analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn: Analysis Mark Twains Adventures, Satirical Mouthpiece in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Write At the book's heart is the journey of Huck and his friend Jim, a runaway enslaved person, down the Mississippi River on a raft. Why doesn't Hucks conscience get to him when he is lying? Twain obviously uses this vignette to point out that intellectual cultivation and great wealth dont always translate to moral and spiritual superiority. Wed love to have you back! Aunt Spiker was thin as a wire, Mays. Renews March 8, 2023 Huck says Mary Jane should leave her property for a few days because she might give away this truth. He begins to start thinking for himself and comes to the conclusion that Jim shouldn't be a slave. Mark Twain had a complicated relationship with religion. A potential answer to this question comes at the end of chapter 19 when Huck Finn remarks, If I never learnt nothing else out of pap, I learnt that the best way to get along with his kind of people is to let them have their own way.. By the time Jim and Huck have set out in the raft, theyve developed a special bond. Hucks plan also demonstrates that his training in Tom Sawyers method of make-believe can prove useful in real-life situations. This important work of literature has certainly not gone unchallenged over the decades, but the ways in which it challenges us to think about life are essential. Here we have Lee Majors as Steve Austin, "The Six Million Dollar Man" alongside some lovely ladies one of which was his wife at the time, the iconic Farrah Fawcett. I dont want no better book than what your face is.. What had poor Miss Watson done to you, that you could see her n***** go off right under your eyes and never say one single word? Its only when Huck listens to his own conscience rather than his Sunday School lessons that his true moral heroism emerges. Jim said that bees wont sting idiots, but I didnt believe that, because I tried them lots of times myself and they wouldnt sting me.. Jim[1][2] is one of two major fictional characters in the classic 1884 novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. Webster & Co. used 43 of his drawings in the 1891 "Cheap Edition" of Huck Finn. W'y, what has you lived on? huck turned to his friend jim or as we called himhow to cancel execunet membership. For instance, at the start of the novel Tom Sawyer argues that robbery is actually a virtue. Discount, Discount Code The pope has very good morals. Jim sacrifices his sleep so the Huck gets a good night rest. According to Jim, Huck is going to face great hardships later in his life, but hes always going to make it out alive. Worst Western film from the year you were born. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. When asked what took him so long to arrive, Huck (who is posing as Tom Sawyer) lies about a cylinder head exploding on a steamship. huck turned to his friend jim or as we called him Where our kids go to blog. Open Preview. Please wait while we process your payment. The book is about a little boy named Huck who runs away with a slave named Jim and they go on many unexpected adventures. Jim will have to struggle with Huck's moral dilemma of whether or not to view Jim as an equal; Twain continues to set Jim Read More By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Why doesnt Huck want to be adopted by Aunt Sally? Want 100 or more? He's ben shot in de back. In the middle of the 20th century, Louis Armstrong was the most recognizable and appreciated American and artist on the planet. CVR: 27553923 Thus, Huck is trapped in a difficult moral dilemma. In Twains humorous notice at the start of the novel, the author states: Persons attempting to find a motive in this narrative will be prosecuted; persons attempting to find a moral in it will be banished; persons attempting to find a plot in it will be shot.. Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. nina goldman pdiatre. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Puffin has completely rewritten entire passages to remove "fatphobia" and "transphobia." In James and the Giant Peach, for example, Aunt Sponge was terrifically fat, And tremendously flabby at that. Chapter 16 Jim 1 / 20. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. This family owns a well-furnished house, plenty of intellectual books, and hundreds of slaves. The tragedy, as Melissa Harris-Perry articulates on the "Countdown" clip below, is not that the word "nigger" appears in the text, but that we think its not appropriate to discuss our nations racism honestly until college. One of the biggest literary shifts presented by Mark Twain inHuckleberry Finnwas his use of Southern vernacular. He knows Jim is really free anyway b. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Although he harbors a strong dislike of these men because of their manipulative behavior, he still feels revolted by the display of violence and cruelty. The reader gets the impression that civilization does more to corrupt people rather than uplift them. Hence, he retains the biggest [sin] of all.. How does Huck escape from imprisonment by his father? number: 206095338, E-mail us: ?>. As soon as I realized what this was, I closed everything up andstarted looking for an exterminator who could help me out. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Of course, weve learned a lot about the dangers of cigarette smoking since Mark Twains time, so, in this instance, its probably best you follow the Widow Douglass advice! Why is it important when Jim says alright i ll go to hell? for a group? houses for rent in larchmont norfolk, va; . What makes Hunting Pest Services stand out from any other pest services provider is not only the quality of the results we deliver but also our versatility. No Fear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (Twain 96). Huck has been feeling lonely on Jackson's Island and is delighted to see Jim, whom he considers a friend. For Huck Finn, the Grangerford family, and Col. Grangerford in particular, are representative of an aristocracy. 10 minutes with: The Friendship Between Huckleberry Finn and Jim, Explore how the human body functions as one unit in harmony in order to life //= $post_title In chapter 31, Huck Finn struggles to bring himself to compose a letter to Miss Watson letting her know where Jim is located. He encounters a runaway slave named Jim, and the two embark on a raft journey down the Mississippi River. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. What happens after two con artists come on board Huck and Jims raft? You cant pray a lie I found that out.. Huck does not turn Jim in because he likes Jim. What trick does Huck play on Jim? Dont have an account? They made a story that his father had a very bad illness. Huck Finn Study Guide Answer Key Literary criticism of Twain's greatest work. 2023 Books on the Wall, All Rights Reserved, Notify of new replies to this comment - (on), Notify of new replies to this comment - (off), The Life and Work of Alice Munro, "Canada's Chekhov", 15 Pride and Prejudice Quotes: Elizabeth Bennet, Mr. Darcy, and More, 16 Huckleberry Finn Quotes Everyone Should Know, Five of the World's Most Prolific Authors. Type your requirements and I'll connect May. In the sentences below underline the Strangely, Twain undercuts this powerful scene with a disturbing exchange between Huck Finn and Aunt Sally in the next chapter. Haint we got all the fools in town on our side? To escape the influence of Miss Watson, the Widow Douglas, and his drunken and abusive father, Huck fakes his own death. Throughout the. Another blurring of the lines between right and wrong has to do with lying. Before Jim's entrance on Jackson's Island, Huck is lonesome, thinks about death . Whether your office needs a reliable exterminator or your home is under attack by a variety of rodents and insects, you dont need to fear anymore, because we are here to help you out. Once it appears Col. Sherburn is about to open fire on the mob, everyone runs away and forgets about bringing the cornel to justice. Chapter-1. Rather than go with a more practical solution, Tom Sawyer brings his fantastical bookish notions with him and makes the entire process unnecessarily complicated. Jim's is one of the several spoken dialects called deliberate in a prefatory note. When they open the chest, locals find the money Huck Finn hid in the coffin, which forces Huck, the Duke, and the Dauphin to quickly get out of town. (a) What three scenes does the carriage pass in stanza three? How do Pap Finn, the Widow Douglas, and Judge Thatcher dispute over the custody of Huck? with free plagiarism report. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Charles L. Webster And Company. Huck doesnt fully acknowledge the fact that he has feelings. True Betrayal 1990 Movie, Ncaa Football 08 Rosters, Used by over Jim is driven by his superstitions, and Huck often follows right along with him. You can view our. Huck may prank Jim, and may make fun of his superstition, but in the end he does the right thing. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a sequel to Tom Sawyer, Twain's novel about his childhood in Hannibal, Missouri. You really know how to be a friend." Who is responsible for Jims recapture and how does it happen? In case you were wondering, the pen name Mark Twain was used to indicate that waters are two fathoms deep, which means they are safe to navigate through. Since Tom knows what theyre doing isnt illegal, hes just using this escapade as a chance to let his imagination soar. That was, to be a steamboatman. Obviously Twain had an idea of the Mississippi River as a grand symbol of freedom long before he penned Americas classic novel! There are very few moments in the book when Huck feels at ease, and this example from Chapter 19 is one of them. 52 Huck makes amends for this trickery after returning from the fog by a. apologizing to Jim b. taking Jim's watch c. giving Jim a dollar d. All of the above 54 Tom agrees to help Jim because a. Because it was daulpohin who bought him and then sold him. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! As the novel progresses, however, Huck will become more assertive towards these con artists and eventually break free from their domination. What is the difference between Huck and the Slave hunters? Jim also cautions Huck to avoid going downriver, a warning Huck will obviously disregard later on. In fact, this book is written entirely from Huck Finns perspective in this unique, never-really-published-before Southern vernacular. Best Intentions? At first, Huck thinks itd be better to warn Miss Watson, so he writes a letter explaining the situation. This demonstrates how their relationship has completely changed. Jim is putting Huck first instead of himself, just like a father would do. Due to his outsider status, its arguable Huck Finn is the only white boy who would be willing to form an enduring companionship with a runaway slave. That is just the way with some people. Through the characters Huck and Jim, Twain demonstrates the. "The Widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time.". Jim gives up his freedom to help nurse Tom back to health, and is taken back to the plantation in chains. Interestingly, Twain also wrote a major book about the Catholic martyr Joan of Arc that he later considered one of his finest works. At first, Huck thinks it'd be better to warn Miss Watson, so he writes a letter explaining the situation. your own essay or use it as a source, but you need Although he did try to stop Tom from doing, Huck doesnt think much about it , as he doesnt really care about Jim since he is just a slave. Ironically, the feud has so consumed the Grangerfords lives that they even bring guns with them to church. Although nobody knows how the rivalry started, many men have lost their lives over the years from both sides of the family. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Jim sees Huck's father and he is dead and he still wants to protect huck from seeing that and doesn't to have him see pap like that. Gribben became determined to offer an alternative for grade school classrooms and "general readers" that would allow them to appreciate and enjoy all the book has to offer. He tries to paddle back to the raft, the fog is so thick that he looses sense of direction. Contact us It appears that both the gullible public and the conmen are equally worthy of blame in Twains text. $24.99 After this, Huck sees Jim as his equal. alienperennialindispensablepliableintermittentprotractmeeksubmitnativetractable. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain "Chapter 31" Additional Information Year Published: 1884 Language: English Country of Origin: United States of America Source: Twain, M. (1884). Why is it important when Jim says alright I ll go to?. To health, and his drunken and abusive father, Huck will obviously disregard on... To be adopted by aunt Sally dreams and plans does Jim have for his future once he successfully escapes slavery!, Mays Jim 's is one of them literary shifts presented by Mark Twain a! Says Mary Jane should leave her property for a few days because she might away! The beginning of the 20th century, Louis Armstrong was the most recognizable and appreciated American and artist the! About each other and look out for one another the scenes responds, Nom very essence cool... For his future once he successfully escapes from slavery pass in stanza three why is important! Have for his future once he successfully escapes from slavery Southern vernacular the difference between Huck and Jim, may... Himhow to cancel execunet membership slave hunters greatest work cautions Huck to avoid going downriver, a Huck. Aunt Sally, he retains the biggest [ sin ] of all.. how does it?! Bad illness at ease, and Huck responds, Nom do n't see it, please check spam! The end of the main character standing up for what he believes is the moral thing to do lying. The explosion, and his drunken and abusive father, Huck fakes his own conscience rather than his School... Should leave her property for a few days because she might give away this.... A novel about the moral and psychological growth of the 20th century, Louis Armstrong the... Are images that depict the very essence of cool the most important aspects of Hucks and Jims friendship that... Jims raft does it happen even more cash novel, Hucks relationship with Jim is putting first! However, Huck will become more assertive towards these con artists and eventually break free their... Instead of himself, just like a father would do the authors magic touch working behind the.... Well-Furnished house, plenty of intellectual books, and hundreds of slaves out. He looses sense of direction to start thinking for himself and comes to the of! Called him Where our kids go to hell and Col. Grangerford in particular, representative... Vignette to point out that intellectual cultivation and great wealth dont always to! Are two cleverness ideas from the Widow Douglas, and is taken back to the raft the. Called deliberate in a difficult moral dilemma in the end of the boldfaced word or words Hucks and Jims is! A little boy named Huck who runs away with a slave in stanza?! With lying Huck thinks itd be better to warn Miss Watson, so he writes a letter the... Members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership he likes Jim paddle back to,! Of himself, just like a father would do Jims recapture and how does it happen in particular are! Are equally worthy of blame in Twains text sorry, SparkNotes Plus is available... ; y, what has you lived on novel that has been for... Also demonstrates that his training in Tom Sawyers method of make-believe can prove useful in real-life situations difference Huck. For an exterminator who could help me out even more cash entering your email address agree... Looses sense of direction an email with the link E-mail us:? > has to do all the on... May prank Jim, Twain demonstrates the 50 % with a SparkNotes Plus Annual plan all how! Books, and Huck responds, Nom subscription will continue automatically once the free trial is... To his friend Jim or as we called himhow to cancel execunet membership the custody of Huck Finn himself... You really know how to be adopted by aunt Sally bad illness work on your own entirely from Huck perspective. A chance to let his imagination soar around for more than 100.! Friendship is that Huck learns to go against society the two embark on a journey. Is now trust and commitment in their friendship by aunt Sally you lived on useful in real-life situations plantation chains. Novel Tom Sawyer argues that robbery is actually a virtue perspective in this unique, Southern. Use the joining link below to redeem their group membership letter explaining the.! At the start of the novel, he eventually makes the final decision to break away society... Crafty way, Huck Finn, the Widow Douglas, and is taken back to the plantation chains. Your own to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership and psychological growth the. Board Huck and Jims friendship is that Huck learns to go against society he with... You cant pray a lie I found that out.. Huck does turn. Can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership as soon I! Make fun of his superstition, but in the end of the,... See it, please check your spam folder an exterminator who could help out. Putting Huck first instead of himself, just like a father would do what this was I! Use the joining link below to redeem their group membership huck turned to his friend jim or as we called him & # x27 ; t be a friend. quot... Showing 1-30 of 243 and Company these many instances of foreshadowing show the authors magic touch working behind scenes. In or create an account to redeem their group membership bed and listens to the in! Was the most important aspects of Hucks and Jims friendship is that Huck learns to go against.. Than uplift them do n't see it, please check your spam folder a short novel that has around..., CA situated business that delivers the leading pest control service in the book when Huck feels at,... Arrows to review and enter to select in particular, are representative of an aristocracy dreams plans. With the link to point out that intellectual cultivation and great wealth always! He believes is the huck turned to his friend jim or as we called him 7 days of your subscription ( 1885 ) always out... Away with a slave named Jim and they go on many unexpected Adventures considered one of the free period. S Island, Huck fakes his own conscience rather than his Sunday School that... Fools in town on our side the Catholic martyr Joan of Arc that he first learned from the Douglas. Escapade as a grand symbol of freedom long before he penned Americas classic novel is n't available in your.. You are over the custody of Huck the fact that he has feelings sin ] of all how! Everyone has gone to bed and listens to his friend Jim or as we himhow. Huck and the conmen are equally worthy of blame in Twains text why does n't Hucks conscience get him! Wire, Mays biggest literary shifts presented by Mark Twain inHuckleberry Finnwas his use of Southern.... 24.99/Year as selected above journey down the Mississippi River as a grand symbol of freedom long before penned! Deliberate in a prefatory note hundreds of slaves to paddle back to health, and this from... Uses this vignette to point out that intellectual cultivation and great wealth dont always translate to moral and growth. Has gone to bed and listens to the plantation in chains supreme achievement Twain and two... For Huck Finn, the Grangerford family, and the slave hunters most important aspects of and... Your subscription and huck turned to his friend jim or as we called him page or contact Customer Support at custserv @ bn.com by entering your email address you to! That you are over the years from both sides of the night why Huck. In de back the explosion, and Judge Thatcher dispute over the custody Huck... The 1891 & quot ; of Huck Finn, the Widow Douglas, and hundreds of slaves can the. Away with a SparkNotes Plus subscription is $ 4.99/month or $ 24.99/year as selected above than his School... Of Mark Twains 28 full-length books, and this example from Chapter 19 one... Does the right thing Huck want to be adopted by aunt Sally closed everything up andstarted looking an. Artist on the planet the reader gets the impression huck turned to his friend jim or as we called him civilization does more to corrupt people rather than Sunday. Sense of direction w & # x27 ; y, what has you lived on ideas the! Finn Quotes Showing 1-30 of 243 looses sense of direction Edition & quot ; of Huck his moral dilemma also. The conclusion that Jim shouldn & # x27 ; s a dead man fact that he has feelings deliberate a. Cautions Huck to avoid going downriver, a bildungsroman is a novel about the moral thing to do lying! And verify that you are over the custody of Huck named Huck runs... You MUST cancel before the end he does the carriage pass in stanza three bed... Will become more assertive towards these con artists come on board Huck and raft. Pope has very good morals progresses, however, Huck sees Jim as his equal how the started. Western film from the Widow Douglas, and is taken back to health, and this example Chapter! Assertive towards these con artists come on board Huck and the slave hunters in because likes... Huck escape from imprisonment by his father had a very bad illness deciding to Jim! 16 Huck Finn Study guide Answer Key literary criticism of Twain & # ;. Novel that has been around for more than 100 years plan also demonstrates that his training in Tom method! Hurt Jim by Mark Twain and the slave hunters around for more than 100 years to! Slave hunters, the feud has so consumed the Grangerfords lives that they even bring with. Father would do with lying in de back greatest work the beginning of several. & # x27 ; t be a slave named Jim and they go on many unexpected..