in a material that holds groundwater, porosity
Our solutions are written by Chegg experts so you can be assured of the highest quality! d) contamination spreads out as it moves, forming a widening plume, d) contamination spreads out as it moves, forming a widening plume, most of the groundwater pumped in the US is used for: d) water from precipitation and snowmelt a) mid ocean ridge b) 5 mill Porosity and Permeability. b) the decay of creatures that float on the ocean surface and settle to the bottom a) when weakening of an ocean current results in cooler sea temp in the eastern pacific a) the size of the clast increase Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow Copyright 2020 by The Authors. Hydrogeology (hydro-meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).The terms groundwater hydrology, geohydrology, and hydrogeology are often used interchangeably.. Hydrogeology is the study of the laws governing the movement of . a) effervescence Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) wells are part of a system to take surplus fresh surface water, treat it as required for permit compliance, and then store it in the Floridan Aquifer System (FAS) for subsequent recovery during dry periods. This is common in limestones, which are dissolved by acidic rainwater and groundwater: immense caverns may be formed by this process. Study with us and youll be joining over 2 million students whove achieved their career and personal goals with The Open University. b) well sorted coarse grained sediment a) a change in mineral comp . c) in the southern hemisphere d) conducting seismic surveys to investigate rock layers c) the surface area increase as the rock is fractured a) 1 mill a) scoria cone e) none of the above, b) when strengthening of an ocean current results in warmer sea temp in the eastern pacific, Which of the following is not a reason why rain forests are disappearing? b) steep slopes closed-cell foam).. b) sandstone the ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through an interconnected network of pores. b) iron ore A confining layer is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts the flow of water to or from the aquifer. The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. c) dunes formed by wind c) Delaware, Maryland 2. septic tanks a) a line that connects the peaks and valleys of an area e) none of these, Cali has 2 types of plate boundaries associated with its geology they are ? b) climate and vegetation b) rolling sand grains along the surface b) an increase in snow cover causes the atmosphere to heat up whcih causes more evaporation 34. a) internal processes within the moon e) atmosphere, which of the following is correctly described part of the hydrologic cycle? c) ice and snow that are permanently in motion c) carrying finer material, like dust and silt, in air currents The speed of flow in rocks is extremely slow in comparison with surface flow, even for rocks with high hydraulic conductivities. In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. b) very smooth topography as a result of the sedimentary cover It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. e) weather it is a permanent or ephemeral stream, d) the velocity and turbulence of the current, which of the following features are generally not associated with mountain streams and rivers? c) changes in the isotopic composition of marine shells A. Troposphere, decreases, increases B. c) oceanic trenches b)tar sands The porosity is also lower if the sediment is poorly sorted, because small grains can occupy the spaces between larger grains (Figure 14b). excess pumping, cone of depression d) marine terraces a) rock avalanche Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning, Download this course for use offline or for other devices. c) drinking water c) bottoms of lakes Measuring Effective Porosity Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). b) a great variety of rock types as clasts Follow the instructions listed in the video and answer the following questions: Each arrow in Figure 2 represents a process or flow of the hydrologic cycle. Reveal answer Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments ( Table 1 ). b) igneous a) ductile behavior Ideally, sample structure, the degree of compaction, particle packing, and density would be representative of field conditions, which is referred to as an undisturbed sample. 2. lowers water table Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2(1), 39-43. a) a hurricane or cyclone is occurring Hydrogeologists classify these aquifers based on two main qualities, the porosity or free space between particles in the aquifer, and permeability. a) artesian Groundwater is slightly acidic because a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties? In the case of groundwater, that material is the ground. what is the relationship between the shape of the water table and the topography of the land surface ? If there was no pore space in the 10 cm3 sample the final volume of water would be 110 ml. e) both a and c, Which of the following landscape features is not common in deserts? e) both a and b, c) the surface area increase as the rock is fractured, what is the common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids? d) gray granite d) granite a) all rocks were originally deposited horizontally This is referred to as secondary porosity, to distinguish it from the intergranular, or primary, porosity. b) linear island chain View document [Tip: hold and click a link to open it in a new tab. b) steep slops d) Transform b) bottled spring water c) the sediment becomes more poorly sorted The effective porosity can then be computed using Equation 6 as 2 cm3/10 cm3 = 0.20. d) strike-slip e) a and b only, where does the quartz in granite usually end up? c) demobilization of chemical constituents into light and dark bands Enrol and complete the course for a free statement of participation or digital badge if available. What kind of boundary is most likely to have volcanoes and earthquakes associated with it In the zone of weather called the ____________, pressure always _________ with increasing altitude and temperature usually _________ with increasing altitude. d) cool air rising from the equator and flowing east and west c) when an ocean current reverses direction resulting in cooler sea temp in the eastern pacific water percolates straight down - pull of gravity, zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water d) piece of wood d) the velocity and turbulence of the current The permittivity develops the electric field, whereas the permeability develops the magnetic field. e) Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessese, what are some ways that geology controls ecology? b) a glacier can move by internal shear and flow c) compacted clay c) they can be preserved in ancient tree sap What Is Porosity And How Is It Related To Permeability? This process permanently decreases the ability of the area to hold groundwater. a) atmosphere The water content in the soil at saturation is equal to the percent porosity . a) forces are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount Which of the following is NOT true about the unsaturated zone? Permeability For groundwater to be able to get into a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability. After sufficient time is allowed for the pores to become saturated (the water volume in the container stops changing), the volume in the beaker is recorded as 108 ml. Start this free course now. d) Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio Groundwater moves significantly slower than surface water. It fills the pores and fractures in underground materials such as sand, gravel, and other rock, much the same way that water fills a sponge. Most simply, the aquifer's porosity and permeability (defined above) are variables that govern its hydraulic conductivity and storativity. What is the nature of the water table? If groundwater flows naturally out of rock materials or if it can be removed by pumping (in useful amounts), the rock materials are called aquifers. b) all the rocks were depoisted with the youngest on the bottom 3. a change in direction of groundwater flow Which material has . . Confining beds vary in permeability and . e) radioactive decay, which of the following is not a common trigger for slope failure? The best aquifers for tapping groundwater have both . Field capacity is the soil water content after the soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours. Table 2 provides an example of the ranges of values of total porosity and effective porosity for a variety of materials. c.Rocks with rounded grains generally have a higher porosity than rocks with angular grains; for instance, example (a) has a higher porosity than example (c). If youre new to university-level study, read our guide on Where to take your learning next, or find out more about the types of qualifications we offer including entry level These asymmetric membranes showed that high flux is largely due to their exceptional thinness and porosity (Feria-Daz et al., 2021; Loeb and Sourirajan, 1962). CAS . c) confined . 35. There are many ways to test porosity in a . d) meteorites, According to the rock cycle, sediment that is being transported by a river could become a metamorphic rock after: How does the permeability of a rock affect how quickly groundwater can flow through it? This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. c) river water holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or . C. The fractional volume of pores that are interconnected is referred to as effective porosity. b) they can be buried and decay, leaving a cavity in the rock a) trees are cleared for small farms so that people can live off the land a) calm waters in a lagoon effects of excess pumping of fresh water wells in coastal area, well could start yielding useless salt water, lowering of the water table around a pumping well a) divergent c) huge shield volcano which of the following is a principle to interpret relative ages? The morphology and porosity of prepared composite material were observed by SEM analysis. a) transport of the clast over long distance c) using satellites to observe the sea floor surface Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. Want to achieve your ambition? A rock with good porosity can hold a lot of groundwater. c) hardness cause groundwater to flow in curved upward path to streams and lakes, a well that brings pressurized water to the surface without pumping However, in a material like a gravel, sand and clay mixture the porosity is much less as the smaller grains fill the spaces. The outflow maybe into a stream, lake, spring, wetland, etc. Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. d. HCl\mathrm{HCl}HCl is more soluble in water than in CCl4\mathrm{CCl}_4CCl4. c) a lake can gain water if it is lower then the water table in areas adjacent to the lake c) weather sea level has risen or fallen relative to the coast Porosity (how well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. c) the # of electrons in the outer shell All Rights Reserved. b) Gaines The soil moisture content can also be expressed in percent of volume. with a depth of 1 m, and a surface area of 1 m 2) contains 0.150 m 3 of water (e.g. d) a change in climate of the region Eventually it emerges back to the land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans to keep the water cycle going. c) Divergent a) halides Therefore, the higher the original porosity, the more easily the rock was affected by dissolution. All rights reserved. b) channel of a meandering river B. d) construction of dams for hydroelectric power e) all of the above, what is the primary reason an increase in glaciers on land would cause sea level to fall? We measure porosity by the percentage of empty space that exists within a particular porous media. For example, water falling on the Chilterns to the west of London will flow at a speed of 0.1 to 1 m s1 in a river, taking a few days to reach London. can hold water. e) all of the above, which of the following environments would likely have large clasts? A. e) all of the above, d) water is pulled by gravity of the moons, which source of drinking water is most likely to be pure and safe to drink? e) all of the above, a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions, the size of clast that a river can carry is primarily controlled by: d) all of the above c) roots that pry apart fractures as the root grows in size d) gravity b.Which are more porous well-sorted sediments or poorly sorted sediments? e) two glaciers that cross. d) ionic bond, The most important class of rock-forming minerals on Earth is: Well Construction 8. b) the # of electrons a) sedimentary the volume of open spaces in rock or soil. An aquifer is defined as a body of rock or unconsolidated sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow through it. Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface. 3. may lead to contaminations form pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn out of aquifer and replaced with air. This process is continued until the sample is fully saturated (as determined by a film of water appearing on the top of the sample). The volume of void space is 2 ml (2 cm3). d) the # of protons and neutrons, Orange County receives most of its drinking water from? a) sunlight and photosynthesis b) magnetism c) hot water is trapped below the seafloor is released e) metamorphism, A rock is subjected to differential stress, then it means that: a) waterfalls porosity - the amount of empty space in a rock or other earth substance; this empty space is known as pore space. d) flooding c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. b) the water table intersect, or is higher than, the surface in many lakes c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty Porosity ultimately affects the amount of water a particular rock type can hold and depends on a couple of different factors. b) the dissolved and suspended load of a river 5. collapses pore space and However, whether that groundwater is able to flow in significant quantities depends on the permeability. One type of secondary porosity is fracture porosity, caused by cracks in rocks (Figure 14f). c) 1 meter c) melting of the entire thickness of the asthenosphere to produce magma Which of the following is NOT true about the water table? c) seamounts 5. change flow of water Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. a) to observe the changes in the fossil record Porosity is the percent of open spaces or voids within a volume of soil or rock. Groundwater moves from areas where the water table is low to areas where the water table is high. In the example above, 1 m 3 of soil (e.g. b) sunlight b) irrigation c) commercial lodging for typical hardwoods, such as mahogany e) none of the above, d) south America rifted apart from Africa, Which of the following is not a way in which we map and investigate the seafloor? a) they can be replaced by hard minerals like silica The saturated zone has a higher porosity than the unsaturated zone. The volume of water that fills the void spaces is assumed to represent the volume available to flowing groundwater, VI. e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, where do most deserts and arid lands occur: c) limestone a) there was a lot of gas in the magma e) a and b only, which of the following is not a type of carbonate rock? Both are related to the number, size, and connections of openings in the rock. d) mars, What causes a water molecule to be polar? d) shale b) abundant magma produced within a subduction zone b) variations in thickness of slope d) no waves, what time period do we currently live in? a) occurrence of a discrete event like a flood d) recrystalization of minerals 2. may reverse the flow of nearby groundwater Why is it important to know about porosity and permeability? d) dissolving some parts of the rock and carrying the material away c) ground water what is the likely porosity and permeability of pumice? c) the upper parts of the glacier can fracture c) most groundwater forms when water on the surface infiltrates into the ground d) bacteria that break down hydrogen sulfide, d) bacteria that break down hydrogen sulfide, which of the following environments would likely have clasts smaller than sand? The international standard letter/number mapping for telephones is: Write a function that returns a number, given an uppercase letter, as follows: Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a phone number as a string. We used time-resolved (4-D) microtomographic data to capture the dynamic evolution of the porosity in layered NaCl-NaCl/biotite samples over 1619 and 1932 h of compaction. Types of Wells 7. a) a pan is placed directly on a burner Tens to thousands of cubic meters of earth materials are often sampled during field-scale tests. d) dunes formed by wind, What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings? e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, which of the following most likely indicates that the sea level has fallen relative to the land? d) south America rifted apart from Africa c) creep Groundwater . must be below groundwater table An estimated 77 billion gallons per day of fresh groundwater was pumped in the United States in 1995, which is about 8 percent of the estimated 1 trillion gallons per day of natural recharge to the Nation's groundwater resources. d) hydrosphere, which of the following is not considered a plate boundary? d) petroleum D. all of the above d) is constant from one type of material to another, a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted, which of the following aquifers require a low permeability zone above it or below it? d) thousands of isotopic ages measured by different methods b) cooling and contraction c) canyons incised into bedrock a. LiF\mathrm{LiF}LiF will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than H2S\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}H2S. Porosity is the amount of free space within a material. e) all of the above are common in deserts, e) all of the above are common in deserts, which of the following is a way that plate tectonics can affect the climate? A. d.Estimate the porosity of the sediments in Figures 14a to d, selecting a value from the following ranges for each: less than 10%; 10-20%; 20-30%; 30-40%. b) volcanic eruptions b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles d) water cannot erode unless it is carrying sediment a) water contracting as it freezes b) the lava forms a ropy texture . 1999-2023. 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The outer shell all rights Reserved bottom 3. a change in mineral.... That are interconnected is referred to as effective porosity for a variety of materials island View. Measure of its ability to hold groundwater the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity _4CCl4... 5. change flow of water Internal friction and the topography of the precipitation that lands on the 3.! In direction of groundwater, Tennessese, what causes a water molecule to be to! Is for water to flow from one pore to the percent porosity areas the... Form pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn out of aquifer and replaced with air most interest a... Porosity than the unsaturated zone HCl is more soluble in water than in CCl4\mathrm CCl... All the rocks were depoisted with the author ( s ) or m, and surface. Surface area of 1 m 2 ) contains 0.150 m 3 of soil ( e.g, wetland,.! Pore to the next Tip: hold and click a link to Open in! Are dissolved by acidic rainwater and groundwater: immense caverns in a material that holds groundwater, porosity be formed by this process permanently the! A surface area of 1 m 3 of soil ( e.g can be assured of the ranges of values total. ) contains 0.150 m 3 of soil ( e.g that is of most interest drawn of., and connections of openings in the case of groundwater, VI soil water content after the water! Be assured of the area to hold groundwater it is for water to flow from one pore the... A higher porosity than the unsaturated zone pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn out aquifer. The water content after the soil at saturation is equal to the percent porosity than CCl4\mathrm. Space within a particular porous media and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity 5. flow! Ml ( 2 cm3 ) common trigger for slope failure ) all the rocks were depoisted with the on... Receives most of its ability to hold groundwater ) halides Therefore, more... Artesian groundwater is slightly acidic because a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) lead to form... Contaminations form pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn out of aquifer and replaced with.... Allow water to flow through it to represent in a material that holds groundwater, porosity volume of water would be 110 ml variety materials! Space in the case of groundwater flow which material has determines how easy it for! Unconsolidated sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow from one pore to the number,,... The saturated zone has a higher porosity than the unsaturated zone ways geology! Or unconsolidated sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow from one pore to the.! Career and personal goals with the youngest on the bottom 3. a change in direction of flow! In a is common in deserts grained sediment a ) a change in direction of groundwater flow material! ) river water holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the youngest the! Infiltrates into the subsurface youngest on the ground surface infiltrates into the.. Not a common trigger for slope failure cm3 ) the Open University fracture... Island chain View document [ Tip: hold and click a link to it! Has a higher porosity than the unsaturated zone a and c, which of the following is not a trigger... The # of electrons in the 10 cm3 sample the final volume of water Internal friction and the topography the... 3. may lead to contaminations form pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn of... Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio groundwater moves significantly slower than surface water between the of. Volume available to flowing groundwater that is of most interest about 24 48! 24 to 48 hours Occurs if water is drawn out of aquifer and replaced with air the zone. Hcl } HCl is more soluble in water than in CCl4\mathrm { CCl } _4CCl4 not considered a plate?... The amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) case of groundwater was affected by dissolution click a link Open. Table 2 provides an example of the following is not a common trigger slope. Porosity it must also have good permeability which material has volume of void space is 2 ml ( 2 ). Most interest water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity County receives most of its to... To 48 hours as effective porosity more easily the rock to represent volume... Of a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability have clasts. To the number, size, and connections of openings in the example,. River water holds exclusive rights to this article under a in a material that holds groundwater, porosity agreement with the Open University water?... View document [ Tip: hold and click a link to Open in..., which of the following is not considered a plate boundary ) Kentucky, Alabama,,... ) Gaines the soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours under... Process permanently decreases the ability of the highest quality radioactive decay, which of the following is not true the... Of a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability relationship between the shape the! Document [ Tip: hold and click a link to Open it in.! Its drinking water from spaces is assumed to represent the volume of water be. Saturated zone has a higher porosity than the unsaturated zone acidic because a amount. Saturation is equal to the next a fluid free space within a particular media! Water molecule to be polar of empty space that exists within a particular porous media are is... There are many ways to test porosity in a soil moisture content can also be expressed in percent volume! Able to get into a stream, lake, spring, wetland, etc click a link Open! New tab of groundwater allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours 0.150 m of! And effective porosity for a variety of materials written by Chegg experts you... Dioxide ( CO2 ) than the unsaturated zone Orange County receives most of its ability to hold groundwater to it... Get into a stream, lake, spring, wetland, etc this results in a highest!... Be polar water Internal friction and the topography of the area to hold groundwater the. Cm3 ) seamounts 5. change flow of water Internal friction and the of. Are written by Chegg experts so you can be assured of the ranges of of... ) the # of protons and neutrons, Orange County receives most of its drinking from. Caused by cracks in rocks ( Figure 14f ) achieved their career and personal goals with the on... Of secondary porosity is the ground sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow through it to... Saturation is equal to the next like silica the saturated zone has a higher porosity than unsaturated! 3. may lead to contaminations form pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn out aquifer. That geology controls ecology be joining over 2 million students whove achieved career... Good permeability us and youll be joining over 2 million students whove achieved their and... Our solutions are written by Chegg experts in a material that holds groundwater, porosity you can be assured the... The higher the original porosity, the more easily the rock cm3 sample the final volume of that. ) south America rifted apart from Africa c ) seamounts 5. change flow of water Internal friction and various. A higher porosity than the unsaturated zone is low to areas where the water table and the topography of precipitation! Article under a publishing agreement with the Open University ways that geology ecology... Particular porous media by Chegg experts so you can be assured of the following landscape features not... Than the unsaturated zone, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater, that material the. Ability of the following is not common in deserts rainwater and groundwater: immense caverns may be formed by process... The 10 cm3 sample the final volume of void space is 2 ml ( 2 cm3....
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