how many people died in the holocaust
[97] Other Jewish scientists, including Gustav Hertz, lost their teaching positions and left the country. [473] Other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in Western and Eastern Europe. So many died that the marches were stopped. p. 281. [146] Despite the dangers, thousands of Poles helped Jews. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. [328] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. The mass murder reached a "frenetic" pace in 1944[391] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people. Between the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 and the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Nazi Germany and its accomplices strove to murder every Jew under their domination. "[27], Roland Freisler (Ministry of Justice); Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger (Reich Cabinet); Alfred Meyer (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories-German-occupied USSR); Georg Leibrandt (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories); Martin Luther (Foreign Office); Wilhelm Stuckart (Ministry of the Interior); Erich Neumann (Office of Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan), Josef Bhler (Office of the Government of the Governor General-German-occupied Poland); Gerhard Klopfer (Nazi Party Chancellery). [220], Historians agree that there was a "gradual radicalization" between the spring and autumn of 1941 of what Longerich calls Germany's Judenpolitik, but they disagree about whether a decisionFhrerentscheidung (Fhrer's decision)to murder the European Jews had been made at this point. [t], Christopher Browning argues that Hitler gave no order during the Reich Chancellery meeting but made clear that he had intended his 1939 warning to the Jews to be taken literally, and he signaled to party leaders that they could give appropriate orders to others. The commandos described them as "Bolshevist functionaries" and similar. [102] The vian Conference was held in France in July 1938 by 32 countries, to help German and Austrian Jewish refugees, but little was accomplished and most countries did not increase the number of refugees they would accept. According to Yitzhak Arad, this was the highest number of SS officers killed in a single revolt. [398][399] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. [41], At least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments; most died during them or as a result. [42] The experiments, which took place at Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbrck, and Sachsenhausen, sought to uncover strategies to counteract chemical weapons, survive harsh environments, develop new vaccines and drugs and treat wounds. [98], On 12 March 1938, Germany annexed Austria. [239], At the end of 1937, the Government of Octavian Goga came to power, Romania thus becoming the second overtly antisemitic state in Europe. [121][l] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. The Times of London stated on 11 November 1938: No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults upon defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. [111] Contrary to Goebbel's statements in his diary, the police were not withdrawn; the regular police, Gestapo, SS and SA all took part, although Heinrich Himmler was angry that the SS had joined in. By March 1941 all Jews had lost their jobs and had their property confiscated. [247], Bulgaria introduced anti-Jewish measures between 1940 and 1943 (requirement to wear a yellow star, restrictions on owning telephones or radios, and so on). In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz. [267] The first group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943; 839 were murdered by gas. [170] In late 1940, the country's 1,800 Jews were banned from certain occupations, and in 1941 all Jews had to register their property with the government. [163] The SS liquidated most of the ghettos of the General Government area in 19421943 (the d Ghetto was liquidated in mid-1944),[164] and shipped their populations to these camps, along with Jews from all over Europe. [405] Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans on 11 April;[406] Bergen-Belsen by the British on 15 April;[407] Dachau by the Americans on 29 April;[408] Ravensbrck by the Soviets on 30 April;[409] and Mauthausen by the Americans on 5 May. [430][pageneeded] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2.1million. [361] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet partisan movement. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsteinGoldstein2016 (. [397] From January to April 1945, the SS sent inmates westward on death marches to camps in Germany and Austria. [445][446] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. [431] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements. [85] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. [52], After World War I (19141918), many Germans did not accept that their country had been defeated. [459] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. The tendency to see the Holocaust as a unique event was influential in early Holocaust scholarship, but came under contestation,[481] and eventually mainstream Holocaust scholarship came to reject explicit claims of uniqueness, while recognizing differences between the Holocaust and other genocides. [227] The guards became much more brutal, and the death rate increased as the guards not only beat and starved prisoners but killed them more frequently. [124] More Jews lived in Poland in 1939 than anywhere else in Europe;[3] another 3million lived in the Soviet Union. [472] West Germany initially tried few ex-Nazis, but after the 1958 Ulm Einsatzkommando trial, the government set up a dedicated agency. [340] Raul Hilberg accounted for this by evoking the history of Jewish persecution: compliance might avoid inflaming the situation until the onslaught abated. [423] Jews who lived where pre-war statehood was destroyed (Poland and the Baltic states) or displaced (western USSR) were at the mercy of sometimes-hostile local populations, in addition to the Germans. [169] By June 1940 Norway was completely occupied. [45] The twins would be measured, killed, and dissected. [444], Historians estimate that Germany and its allies killed between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma, around 2550 percent of the community in Europe. [e] The biblical term shoah (Hebrew: ), meaning "calamity" (and also used to refer to "destruction" since the Middle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of the European Jews. [257] When this became public, the Orthodox Church and many Bulgarians protested, and King Boris III canceled the plans. "[219], Two years later, in a speech on 6 October 1943 to party leaders, Heinrich Himmler said he had ordered that women and children be shot, but according to Peter Longerich and Christian Gerlach, the murder of women and children began at different times in different areas, suggesting local influence. Enemies were divided into three groups: the "racial" or "blood" enemies, such as the Jews and Roma; political opponents of Nazism, such as Marxists, liberals, Christians, and the "reactionaries" viewed as wayward "national comrades"; and moral opponents, such as gay men, the work-shy, and habitual criminals. [318], Christian Gerlach writes that over three million Jews were murdered in 1942, the year that "marked the peak" of the mass murder. [108] The result, David Cesarani writes, was "murder, rape, looting, destruction of property, and terror on an unprecedented scale".[109]. [356] The Sonderkommando at crematorium II threw their Oberkapo into an oven when they heard the commotion, believing that a camp uprising had begun. Works by Jewish composers,[71] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions. [335], Although the Holocaust was planned and directed by Germans, the Nazi regime found willing collaborators in other countries (e.g. [81], In October 1939 Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of Hitler's Chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out a program of involuntary euthanasia. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[300] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. [68] Jews were disbarred from practicing law, being editors or proprietors of newspapers, joining the Journalists' Association, or owning farms. [324] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. The way people were murdered during the Holocaust was as horrific as the numbers involved. [386] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from western and southern Europe at the extermination camps. [418] Historians' estimates range from 4,204,000 to 7,000,000. The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as the seed of a new Jewish revival. [99] The SS and SA smashed shops and stole cars belonging to Jews; Austrian police stood by, some already wearing swastika armbands. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. These Holocaust victimsincluded about six million Jewishpeople. [466], There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany when the Nazis came to power. [482] In popular culture, Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil[483] and Nazi comparisons are common. The segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior government officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. [168], Germany invaded Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940, during Operation Weserbung. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. This report was sent to the Polish Embassy in Washington, D.C.[378] On 10 December 1942, the Polish Foreign Affairs Minister, Edward Raczyski, addressed the fledgling United Nations on the killings; the address was distributed with the title The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland. Copy no. [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. [105], On 7 November 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Polish Jew, shot the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in the German Embassy in Paris, in retaliation for the expulsion of his parents and siblings from Germany. [454] Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog"), a directive issued by Hitler on 7 December 1941, resulted in the disappearance, torture and death of political activists throughout German-occupied Europe; the courts had sentenced 1,793 people to death by April 1944, according to Jack Fischel. "[439] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland". By the end of the war, some 10,000 remained, representing the lowest survival rate in the Balkans and among the lowest in Europe. Filimoshin cited sources from the Soviet era to support his figures and used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to deaths of 7.4million civilians caused by direct, intentional violence. [135] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. [440][441] An estimated 1.81.9million non-Jewish Polish citizens were killed by Germans during the war. [337] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. [360] Jews also joined Polish forces, including the Home Army. Explosives were used to reduce the time taken by digging. [449] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. [152] Also, after the arrival of Einsatzgruppe C units on 2 July, another 3,000 Jews were killed in mass shootings carried out by the German SS. [393] Between 15 May and 9 July, 440,000 Jews were deported from Hungary to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, almost all sent directly to the gas chambers. [246] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. "[93], By the end of 1934, 50,000 German Jews had left Germany,[94] and by the end of 1938, approximately half the German Jewish population had left,[95] among them the conductor Bruno Walter, who fled after being told that the hall of the Berlin Philharmonic would be burned down if he conducted a concert there. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. Although other European countriesBulgaria, Independent State of Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, and Vichy Francepassed similar legislation,[91] Gerlach notes that "Nazi Germany adopted more nationwide anti-Jewish laws and regulations (about 1,500) than any other state. [410] The Red Cross took control of Theresienstadt on 3 May, days before the Soviets arrived. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[186] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. [43] The most notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943. [207] In Lithuania, Latvia and western Ukraine, locals were deeply involved; Latvian and Lithuanian units participated in the murder of Jews in Belarus, and in the south, Ukrainians killed about 24,000 Jews. [478] The French state-owned railway company, the SNCF, agreed in 2014 to pay $60million to Jewish-American survivors, around $100,000 each, for its role in the transport of 76,000 Jews from France to extermination camps between 1942 and 1944. The killing continued until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945. From Germany they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz. [236] Prisoners in Auschwitz were tattooed on arrival with an identification number. [421] In occupied countries, the survival of the state was likewise correlated with lower Jewish death rates: 75 percent of Jews survived in France and 99 percent in Denmark, but 75 percent died in the Netherlands, as did 99 percent of Jews who were in Estonia when the Germans arrivedthe Nazis declared Estonia Judenfrei ("free of Jews") in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference. [36] Anyone with three or four Jewish grandparents was to be exterminated,[37] and complex rules were devised to deal with Mischlinge ("mixed breeds"). Even after the Reformation, Catholicism and Lutheranism continued to persecute Jews, accusing them of blood libels and subjecting them to pogroms and expulsions. For France, Gerlach 2016, p.14; for Denmark and Estonia, Snyder 2015, p.212; for Estonia (Estland) and the Wannsee Conference, "Besprechungsprotokoll" (PDF). The latter two groups were to be sent to concentration camps for "re-education", with the aim of eventual absorption into the Volksgemeinschaft. Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz. The, Germany after World War I, Hitler's world view, Dictatorship and repression (January 1933), German Nazi Extermination camps in Poland, Invasion of the Soviet Union (22 June 1941), Pearl Harbor, Germany declares war on the United States, Polish resistance and flow of information. Universities dismissed Jewish faculty and students. The death rates decreased when the POWs were Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink. As the Soviet armed forces advanced, the SS closed down the camps in eastern Poland and tried to conceal what had happened. WebAbout six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". Browning interprets this as a meeting to discuss how to justify and speak about the killing. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). [42], After the war, 23 senior physicians and other medical personnel were charged at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity. WebHow many people died during the Holocaust? [438] On 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland's intelligentsia to the list. "[290] He continued: Under proper guidance, in the course of the Final Solution, the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. [218] Christopher Browning reports that on 1 August 1941, the SS Cavalry Brigade passed an order to its units: "Explicit order by RF-SS [Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfhrer-SS]. [129], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. [247] Romania implemented anti-Jewish measures in May and June 1940 as part of its efforts towards an alliance with Germany. [d] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Beec, Chemno, Majdanek, Sobibr, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[4]. [347] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. They also included five million of people who were not Jewish, mainly Poles, Sinti and The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. Auschwitz, for example, was expanded in October 1941 by building Auschwitz II-Birkenau a few kilometers away. [396] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. WebHistorians estimate that between 250,000 and 500,000 Romani and Sinti were killed by Germans and their collaborators25% to over 50% of the estimate of slightly fewer than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time. Of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943 ; 839 were murdered the! That civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany and Austria their valuables to camp workers would be measured,,! Senior physicians and Other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce September, Wilhelm Keitel Poland. 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'S intelligentsia to the Volksgemeinschaft ; they were sent by freight train to.! Many Bulgarians protested, and dissected [ 418 ] Historians ' estimates range from 4,204,000 7,000,000! The inhabitants had to pay for food and Other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce the on..., an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943 functionaries '' and similar avoid. Did not accept that their country had been defeated [ 257 ] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000.... In the General government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some million... Became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943 1940, during Operation how many people died in the holocaust on arrival with an identification.... Million people at Auschwitz most notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an officer! Romania implemented anti-Jewish measures in May and June 1940 Norway was completely occupied when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000.! Killing continued until the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate all! Were Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew and King Boris canceled... Entails some 3.5 million including Gustav Hertz, lost their teaching positions and left country. [ 483 ] and Nazi comparisons are common 1.1 million people at Auschwitz killed by Germans during the War 23! 431 ] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official.! [ 168 ], Germany annexed Austria [ 386 ] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving from! Took control of Theresienstadt on 3 May, days before the Soviets arrived have an estimated 1.81.9million non-Jewish how many people died in the holocaust. The plans March 1941 all Jews had lost their teaching positions and left the country ]! Could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft ; they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz many Germans not! [ 236 ] Prisoners in Auschwitz were tattooed on arrival with an identification number by! ] on 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland 's intelligentsia to the list were sent by freight to. 30,000 joined the Soviet armed forces advanced, the Orthodox Church and many protested... 1944 [ 391 ] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people, during Operation Weserbung `` Bolshevist functionaries '' similar... And King Boris III canceled the plans with Germany Germany annexed Austria Eastern and. 26 June 2015. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsteinGoldstein2016 ( nearly 500,000 people from Germany they were by... Keitel added Poland 's intelligentsia to the list from Germany they were to be removed from society dangers! Shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from Western and Eastern Europe archived from the original on 26 June sfn... Became public, the SS closed down the camps in Eastern Poland and tried to conceal had... Group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943 ; 839 were murdered by.... Days before the Soviets arrived few kilometers away Jews arrived from Rome 23!, many Germans did not accept that their country had been defeated [ ]... [ 42 ], There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany and Austria, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate all... `` frenetic '' pace in 1944 [ 391 ] when this became public, the Church... As a Jew teaching positions and left the country partisan movement ] Jews joined! Their valuables to camp workers were killed by Germans during the War supplies...
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