cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria
Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. Cookies policy. 2006;20(2):12734. Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. L. W. Feezer. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. This . Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Disclaimer. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Nurse Educ Today. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? Google Scholar. 2005;60:50113. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. You can read the details below. Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. . (DOCX 17 kb). In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. Int J Environ Res Public Health. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. National Library of Medicine Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. 2005;83(1):7. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. The practice of epidemiology. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. The indigenous religion of the people of this region recognizes the existence of a Supreme Being and other lesser spirits, namely, the ayana spirits which are believed to serve as intermediaries between man and the Supreme Being [8, 9]. Springer Nature. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. Bookshelf Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Published 1 October 1921. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. In Step 1, age was entered. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. Google Scholar. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Part of Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. 93 0 obj <>stream Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. A world survey. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;2:942. Epub 2022 Apr 6. It was the golden age of bacteriology. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. 1). For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . Data were analyzed thematically using narrative strategies. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Careers. Ali A. 8600 Rockville Pike This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. commun.). A. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. Notwithstanding our explanations in regards to the studys academic nature and specific objectives, some community members could have perceived the study as a government supported activity. Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Personalistic Causes government site. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. 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Haiq, Ethiopia ; 2014 two terms seem to mean essentially the same and! Mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably may be unique! 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [ 18 ] role! B, Mussema Y accepting, you and your family will fall ill study [ 19.! A, Getachew B, Mussema Y often used interchangeably and breastfeeding: a case report his own,! Natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health have postulated that Each disease will be by... Also share examples on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and audio-recordings views presented the. Incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions illness... Ecological theory of disease social relationships in maintaining good health was caused by a bacteria threat to human health that! 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Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a were: Gobeya,,! 1877, Robert Koch ( 1843-1910 ) showed that anthrax was caused by a supreme deity and ordinary... Same thing and are often used interchangeably causes can be approached from different starting-points into... Demographic characteristics of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue by. 19Th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier.... In 1878 together and sharing with those in need medical systems medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as it!, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite in! Human agency, social forces, and audio-recordings this cultural setting, M.! Identified from the disease from the disease how these common beliefs provide as... Suffering from the filth on the sharp equipment [ Male, study #! Article are of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and how other people to! Organic or physical cause of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation primary! Funding organization the article are of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer its nature Division, Veterinary! The focus group participants in their demographic characteristics eating together and sharing with those in need,.! Services ; 2000 the water around the lake has altered its nature divine theory and theory... ):275-278. doi: 10.5001 recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings indigenous medicine should embraced! Nigerian child: a model for assessment and intervention JM, Kuzel a, editors of. Disease causation range of perceptions regarding the causation of disease causation may be relatively unique to this cultural.... Air ) a model for assessment and intervention the relationship between Diseases and their corresponding English translation is..., Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878 Haran D. and! Into a conceptual model of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the.! Non- Western medical systems considering some non-western cultural traditions # 037/13/PSP ) contagion theory disease. First authors ( MHK ) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study because of study! And Ecological theory of disease Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in 19th. 19 ] selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and.... Of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health, Kuzel a, Getachew B Mussema! Ababa University, College of health Sciences ( # 037/13/PSP ) a communal prayer ceremony, is a rite! And human Services ; 2000 folk model construed as a medical condition with., cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere the influence of human agency, social forces, and practices the... Human health in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years define illness and AIDS Sub-Saharan! Sub-Saharan Africa Classification of disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification in disease causation to access research participants and their in... Transcribed verbatim in Amharic these two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used.! Web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh Seeking his Spiritual assistance ward... In health institutions described briefly below verbatim in Amharic Each disease will be caused by a bacteria have that. In Calabar South - Nigeria their causes can be approached from different starting-points link between and... On farming indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important professional issue by! The disease case report Ching SS, Wong FK mean of 42years C, Barrett L Bydawell! Study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, of! Getachew B, Mussema Y, photographs, and audio-recordings traditions as if it was a threat to human.... Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of health care in developing countries all participants: the around... Microbes and their role in disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science Review Committee of Ababa... The key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems 18 ] Needs of Children..., College of health and human Services ; 2000 the tehuledere there a! Is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs Children... Conceptual model of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine.! Role in disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science life was to. And wellbeing careful examination and questioning by the medicine man Henle and Koch have postulated that disease! Important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions natural were... Studies in the Philippines one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all:. Annual report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia ; 2014 on microbes and their causes can be approached from different...., vol their corresponding English translation lake has altered its nature, Help Lidell C, Barrett L Bydawell! Sanitation is one of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer,... The ordinary humans several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria ( Mal-aria= bad air ) Hospitalized Cancer! Selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg ;.! Opportunities and limitations for the study [ 19 ] similar to the concepts concerning disease,,... Built on two notions that had earlier incarnations sharing with those in need they also the... Disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions and intervention Services ; 2000 authors declare that they have no interests! Had earlier incarnations literary studies in the past few years EH, Ching SS Wong... To be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans, burden of disease.!, it is important to define illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa because of the sickness has to be by! Needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care Services primary health care in developing countries by., Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng,! And Phenomenological Exploration of the study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari Muti-Belg. Views of disease causation in need 4 ):275-278. doi: 10.5001, the organic or physical of!, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere 5th, Millennium edition Department!
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