interesting facts about galeras volcano
The seismic energy was almost twice the assessed for the eruption of 14th February 2009. The Hawaiian Islands took the record of the most prominent and largest shield volcano in the world. This has contributed to large-scale edifice collapse that has occurred on at least three occasions, producing debris avalanches that swept to the west and left a large horseshoe-shaped caldera inside which the modern cone has been constructed. Its first eruption was dated back to December 7, 1580, as recorded. On 21st July, an ash emission rose 500 m above the volcano's rim, and was visible from San Juan de Pasto. This was the tenth such eruption of the volcano in the previous year, and the first of 2010. Its population is about 350,000, and over 50,000 more . This was the tenth such eruption of the volcano in the previous year, and the first of 2010. Here are some additional interesting facts about Mt. The Galeras volcanic complex is located in the Colombian segment of the South American Andes mountains. There were at least two explosions, and emission of incandescent material, along with a sulphurous smell. Other eruptions similar to this event include those in 3150BC 200 years, 2580BC 500 years, 1160BC 300 years, 490BC 100 years, and in 890 AD 200 years. 2002 Eruption Galeras is considered the most active volcano in Colombia, followed by Nevado del Ruiz. It is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. Facts to keep in mind about the Taal Volcano are that it is located on a small island and is around 65 miles away from Manila. The Andes in Colombia are the result of a collision between the Panamanian tectonic block with South America, which detached part of the South America plate from the continent. Volcanoes, Eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland, NASA Goddard Space The range of volcanic behavior is great enough, and volcano lifetimes are long enough, that we must integrate observations of contemporary activity with historical and geological records of the recent past in order to prepare . This is because most of the Mauna Loa is below the ocean surface. 2008 Eruption Geothermal activity is just a part of life in Iceland, however. Its highest point rises to 5,466 feet (1,666 metres) above sea level. The volcano erupted on January 3, 2010, forcing the evacuation of 8,000 people. The volcano erupted on January 3, 2010, forcing the evacuation of 8,000 people. Health concerns after a volcanic eruption include infectious . Colombian authorities also stated that it could remain volatile in the weeks to come. A minute later, a second quake measuring magnitude-4.3 hit, several mild aftershocks have followed. Article by Jessica Ball. Twenty tornillo earthquakes occurred at the volcano in 16 days prior to the eruption. The active cone began growing 4,500 years ago, and its eruptive style has been characterized by relatively small Vulcanian explosions. . 2010 Eruption The image was acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/ X-SAR) aboard the space shuttle Endeavour on its 96th orbit of the Earth on April 15, 1994. Here you have some fun facts about volcanos: The world's largest volcano at 13,000 feet above sea level is Mauna Loa and it's located in Hawaii. tTy4?0nF ;vK)P[^R,isWz)2BAe-B_`;nd= She also writes the Magma Cum Laude blog, and in what spare time she has left, she enjoys rock climbing and playing various stringed instruments. In an eruption in 1993, it killed a group of scientists and tourists who had been inside its crater when it erupted. Sources and analyses predict that there may be around 20 volcanoes erupting at any one time. Its thought almost one billion EUR was lost in travel revenue. On 21st November 2004 there was an explosive eruption at Galeras. Here's a wide variety of interesting facts about volcanoes: The word 'volcano' comes from the Italian word 'vulcano' which means burning mountain. There are volcano observatories all over the world around a hundred, in fact. There are reports of ash fall in areas of the municipalities of Sandona, Consac and Ancuya, located on the western flank of Galeras. Elevated levels of gas emission were recorded at El Pinta crater and Deformes fumarole field from 17-20 July. Mount Vesuvius has erupted around 36 times, and is responsible for having buried the ancient city of Pompeii, Italy. One phenomenon, which seems to be a reliable precursor to eruptive activity, is a low-frequency seismic event known as a "tornillo event". http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=1.22N%2C%2077.37W&sl, http://www.google.com/images?hl=en&source=imghp&biw=1280&bih=685&q=Galeras%20Vol, http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=galeras%20volcano&hl=en&btnG=Search&as_sdt=4. An explosive eruption occurred at Galeras volcano, Colombia at 9:14 am on 30th September 2009. After the eruption there was a decrease in seismic activity, characterized by the presence of a few events associated with fluid dynamics and low energy levels. Two caldera forming events have occurred at the volcano. This can extend to 20 miles long! stream It is an active volcano that stretches for miles beneath sea level, and is around 2.5 miles above the water at its peak. After the eruption seismicity decreased. M4.5 earthquake near Galeras volcano kills 2 people. The eruption, which was described as non-explosive, caused authorities to raise an alert for neighbouring towns.[14]. Source: Pixabay. volcanolive.com An eruption shock wave was felt as far away as Cimarrones (18 km N), Chachagui (17 km N), and Laguna de La Cocha (20 km SW). Here are some fun facts about volcanoes! Interesting Facts about the Ring of Fire. . It is one of the most active volcano and mostly in the state of activity. 1. 7722'W) is a 4200 m-high andesitic volcano in the SW Colombia (Nario department) and it is the most recent active . Mount Vesuvius, in Italy, is regarded as the deadliest volcano on Earth currently - stand well back! This image was acquired by the Landsat 5 satellite's Thematic Mapper (TM) instrument on August 7, 1989. Magma is rock that is so hot, it has turned into a liquid. No injuries or damage were reported.[12]. Our expert volcanologists and photographers offer unique travel experiences: Small ash emission observed from the Pasto Volcano Observatory on 17 December 2012 (INGEOMINAS). 15 15. These relatively small debris flows . The city of Pasto, with a population of 300,000, is shown in orange near the bottom of the image, just 8 kilometers (5 miles) from the volcano. The volcanic activity of the island means that lava is . The Hawaiian shield volcanoes are . By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use Privacy Policy. Galeras, a stratovolcano with a large breached caldera located immediately west of the city of Pasto, is one of Colombia's most frequently active volcanoes. The Galeras volcanic complex is more than one million years old; its history has included caldera-forming eruptions, summit collapses, and stratocone-building activity. Volcano is a vent in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows material warmer than its surroundings to escape from its interior. All of these types of activity are immediately hazardous to those who live near the volcano; pyroclastic flows are especially a concern, as many people who live in Pasto do not heed evacuation warnings issued by local scientists. Its most recent eruption was on August 31, 2010 . The volcano has continued to be well-studied, and predictions of eruptions at the volcano have improved. Ash fell on Pasto and some other towns near the volcano. It uses data in the red, green, and blue wavelengths (TM bands 3, 2, & 1) to create a natural-color image. Two hundred . More than 100minor tremors were felt during a major eruption in April 2002, although no damage or injury was reported. [4], Elements in the media made the event controversial. Galeras Volcano is part of the Pacific ring-of-fire; it is located in southwestern Colombia, just north of the border with Ecuador and less than 100 miles from the Pacific coast. An eruption occurred unexpectedly while they were at the summit (highest point), resulting in the deaths of six scientists and three tourists. 500 km. Galeras is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes. This image shows Galeras Volcano and the city of Pasto to its east. Current status: normal or dormant (1 out of 5) Last update: 10 Dec 2021. [2] A 1993 eruption killed nine people, including six scientists who had descended into the volcano's crater to sample gases and take gravity measurements in an attempt to be able to predict future eruptions. q|9UZvV*$)"P'NL"RD}B_2{{W22~J]I |,^3^_TFO^%%*aD?fkBwr7U.c;k`,WFFxrgzstOT`NyF@7brz8nq1SV4`Px.b#38Y3wa0YOCwM@ZNxfpA- They are enthralling to watch from afar, but when it comes to being within a safe range of a volcano, youre going to need to be a few miles back! It allows you to precisely label--and confront--subtle emotions. Between January and June 2006 a lava dome continued to grow in the crater at Galeras volcano. One of the most active volcanoes on planet Earth Hawaii's Kilauea volcano has been erupting continuously from past 29 years starting from 3rd January 1983. Vesuvius that you may not have known. Between 12,000 and 5,000 years ago, several edifice collapses occurred because of hydrothermal alteration of the volcanic complex; one of these created the breach in the caldera in which the active stratocone now sits. 4. An eruption in November 2005 forced an evacuation of the dangerous area surrounding the volcano, and about 9,400people from nearby villages (most of them farmers) were ordered to leave. This identified it as a target for detailed study as part of the United Nations' "International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction". The second some time between 40,000 and 150,000 years ago, in a smaller but still sizable eruption of 2 cubic kilometres (0.48cumi) of material. Her concentration is in volcanology, and she is currently researching lava dome collapses and pyroclastic flows. Fuego joins with the Acatenango volcano to form the La Horqueta complex. Jessica earned her Bachelor of Science degree from the College of William and Mary, and worked for a year at the American Geological Institute in the Education/Outreach Program. [11], On March 13, 2009, Galeras erupted twice at around 15:55 and 17:00 (local time). 2 0 obj It has recorded at least 38 eruptions within 450 years. With more than 1,500 volcanoes worldwide, it makes sense to keep track of them. Share them in the comments below! Vulcan was the name of the Roman god of fire. Articles, facts, information and photos for volcanoes and volcanic activity. The Galeras volcano can be seen from Pasto, as well as the municipalities of Nario, La Florida, Sandon, Consac, and Yacuanquer, among others, all of which lie on its lower slopes. Galeras is only a few kilometers from the city of Pasto, and poses an immediate threat to the more than 300,000 people who live there. It is seen here from the south on March 17, 1989, with steam clouds pouring from vents on the large central cone near the back headwall of the caldera, whose south rim forms the ridge in the foreground. Homepage; Articles; . Galeras has been an active volcano for at least a million years. They have gentle slopes which have been structured by the fluid basalt lavas. The volcano has continued to be well-studied, and predictions of eruptions at the volcano have improved. Astonishingly, its not on Earth! Here are 24 interesting Volcano facts. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research77.1-4 (1997): 325-338. Elements in the media made the event controversial. Your email address will not be published. [10] Some 8,000 residents were evacuated, and there were no immediate reports of injuries or serious property damage. Mount Etna. In the area surrounding the volcano, a patchwork of browns and greens shows just how close people are living and working the land near the volcano. Mauna has not erupted since 2460 BC. Content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 560,000 years ago, and sometime between 40,000 and 150,000 years ago. Its earliest activity during the Holocene has been dated at 7050 BC 1000 years through radiocarbon dating. The eruption was accompanied by shock waves, and and vibrations in several villages located in the catchment area of the volcano. If you add the underwater volcanoes, you get an estimate that there are a total of about 6,000 volcanoes that have erupted in the last 10,000 years. A second most active volcano in the Philippines. Galeras is a stratovolcano in the SW corner of Columbia. Over one million years ago, Galera formed as a result of a collision between South America and the Panamanian tectonic block. Jessica Ball is a graduate student in the Department of Geology at the State University of New York at Buffalo. 2. How high is Galeras volcano? 2006 Eruptions Facts About Galeras The active cone began growing 4,500 years ago, and its eruptive style has been characterized by relatively small Vulcanian explosions. Want to learn more about the most intriguing parts of our planet? Mayon Volcano with cloudy hat- Author; Patryk Reba- Wikimedia. Many are in the Ring of Fire, in the Pacific. The volcanic complex consists of several small calderas, cinder cones and a stratovolcano. The last volcanic eruption in Utah was 660 years ago Every year about 60 volcanoes erupt, though most are pretty weak . The money and infrastructure required in such a project, however, would be epic, so it remains an idea rather than a reality. An ash column reached a height of 8-11 km above the summit. We're aiming to achieve uninterrupted service wherever an earthquake or volcano eruption unfolds, and your donations can make it happen! "Tornillo" is Spanish for "screw," and these seismic signals are so named because their shape on a seismograph resembles a screw with a wide head and tapered tail. On 24th May 9000 people were evacuated from near the volcano as a precaution. interesting facts about galeras volcano. Rock falls and pyroclastic flows were reported from towns as distant as Consac, 11.4 kilometres (7.1mi) west of the main crater. Arenal Volcano Geology, history, hazards, . In 1881, in one of the early expeditions, the French writer Eugenio Dussaussay was the one to climb the volcano . Eruptions in more recent times, which have been recorded consist of those in 1535, December 1580, July 1616, 1641, 1670, 1754, November 1796, June 1823, October 1828, 1834, October 1865, July 1889, 1891, December 1923, October 1924, October 1932, February 1936, July 1947, January 1950, 1974, February 1989, January 1990, January 1993, March 2000, June 2002, July 2004, November 2005, October 2007, January 2008, February 2009, March 2009, January 2010, and August 2010. The first caldera-forming eruption occurred ~560,000 years ago, after 200,000 years of other eruptive activity, and produced a 5-km-wide crater and huge pyroclastic flows which inundated the area around the complex. (Image credit: NASA.) Its dominant product is andesite, an igneous rock . [1] More than 300 million people (nearly 1 in 20) live in the shadow of active volcanoes, including Mount Vesuvius in Italy, Mount Rainier in the U.S., and Popocatepetl in Mexico. This is because one of the eruptions of the volcano caused an internal landslide to occur, creating the second crater. Volcanic eruptions can send ash up to 30 kilometers into the air. This colossal volcano lies in the Tharsis region of the Red Planet. Due to the presence of magma close to the surface, and the history of the volcano, INGEOMINAS has raised the alert status to the highest level RED. According to the Colombian Geological Service, the first quake occurred at 4:35 a.m. local time (about 0935 GMT) and registered 4.5 on the Richter scale. 2012-14, 2008-10, 2004-06, 2002, 2000, 1993, 1990-92, 1989, 1974-83, 1973?, 1950, 1947?, 1936, 1933?, 1932, 1930?, Activity at a low level has continued at Galeras. It has erupted many times since the Spanish conquest. Usually found in a mountain, the opening allows gas, hot magma and ash to escape from beneath the Earth's crust. summit elevation 4276 m More than 100minor tremors were felt during a major eruption in April 2002, although no damage or injury was reported. The volcano has been active for more than 1 million years, and two major caldera collapse eruptions took place during the past 100,000 years. An eruption can be explosive, sending material high into the sky. Colombian authorities also stated that it could remain volatile in the weeks to come. It is situated along a large nearby urban area of Pasto and if it erupts again, it can create a dire . Because the core of a volcano opens downward into a pool of molten rock, an eruption of a volcano is . 1. Olympus Mons is around 27 km high. This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project. It is currently the most active volcano in Colombia. One phenomenon, which seems to be a reliable precursor to eruptive activity, is a low-frequency seismic event known as a "tornillo event". A Decade Volcano conference in the city of Pasto, in 1993, ended in disaster when several of the scientists present mounted an impromptu expedition on 14 January to the crater of Galeras. Shield Volcanoes Facts 5: the Hawaiian Islands. Its summit rises 4,276 metres (14,029ft) above sea level. The recurrence of large debris avalanches would be devastating for Pasto and other communities surrounding the volcano. There were no immediate reports of injuries or serious property damage. Pasto is located on the eastern slope of the volcano, about 7-11 km from the crater. . For example, an erupting volcano can theoretically start an earthquake, a flood, or even a tsunami. More than 300,000 residents live within 25 miles from the volcano, making it the most dangerous volcano in Mexico. Other eruptions similar to this event include those in 3150BC 200 years, 2580BC 500 years, 1160BC 300 years, 490BC 100 years, and in 890 AD 200 years. Its earliest activity during the Holocene has been dated at 7050 BC 1000 years through radiocarbon dating. Official records held that 165 villages and towns surrounding Krakatoa were destroyed and 132 more were seriously damaged. Ash fell on Pasto and some other towns near the volcano. Sakurajima (Japanese: , literally "Cherry blossom Island") is an active composite volcano, formerly an island and now a peninsula, in Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan.The lava flows of the 1914 eruption connected it with the sumi Peninsula. Volcanoes are most commonly found on tectonic plate boundaries. Narvez M., Lourdes; Torres C., Roberto A.; Gmez M., Diego M.; Corts J., Gloria Patricia; Cepeda V., Hctor; Stix, John (1997). Volcano facts. It glows bright orange and is held in a chamber within the volcano. [2] A 1993 eruption killed nine people, including six scientists who had gone down into the volcano's crater to take samples of gases and measure gravity in an attempt to be able to predict future eruptions. The Santa Maria Volcano in Guatemala has already shown its power with one of the most catastrophic eruptions in the 20 th century taking place in 1902. 4 Colombia | ReliefWeb", http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KKEE-6R7M3C?OpenDocument, "Image: Crateres_de_impacto_erupcion_Galeras_ene_17_2008_sector_sur_crater.jpg, (2000 1500 px)", http://intranet.ingeominas.gov.co/pasto/images/7/75/Crateres_de_impacto_erupcion_Galeras_ene_17_2008_sector_sur_crater.jpg, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/17/international/i202255S91.DTL, https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jvrQSoNBVjP5jhm1Fv_2oh43T9nA, http://www.pr-inside.com/galeras-volcano-erupts-in-southwestern-colombia-r1060096.htm, Eruptions of Galeras Volcano Situation Report No 1, "Evacuation after Colombia volcano erupts", http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/evacuation-after-colombia-volcano-erupts-3323350, "'Red alert' issued for Colombian volcano after non-explosive eruption", http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/08/25/colombia.volcano/index.html?hpt=Sbin, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, https://www2.sgc.gov.co/getattachment/Pasto/Volcanes/Volcan-Galeras/Mapa-de-amenazas/Resumen-MEMORIA-ACTUALIZACION-DEL-MAPA-DE-AMENAZA/Memoria_Actualizacion_Mapa_Amenaza_Volcanica_Volcan_Galeras_2015.pdf.aspx, Thousands flee after volcano begins to erupt in Colombia, GOES imagery of the 03 January 2010 eruption (CIMSS Satellite Blog), https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/w/index.php?title=Galeras&oldid=5160114. The Taal caldera is filled with lakes because of the past eruptions between 140,000 and 5,380 BP. No injuries or damage were reported. endobj Its peak rises 4,276 metres (14,029ft) above sea level. The eruption caused ashfall in Pashto and surrounding villages. In an eruption in 1993, it killed a group of scientists and tourists who had been inside its crater when it erupted. Ash fell at Fontibon, San Cayetano, Postobon, and north Pasto. The seismic signal associated with the eruption was lower than that recorded during the eruption of 30th September 2009. Between 6-12 October 2008 there was a four-fold increase in daily long-period earthquakes compared to September. Seismicity of the event was similar to that preceding eruptions in 1992, 1993, and 2004-2006. In 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull caused a huge disruption to air flight thanks to its eruption and pillars of smoke! ] 1924-27, 1923, 1891, 1889, 1865-70, 1836, 1828-34, 1823, 1796-1801, 1754-56, 1670-1736, 1616, 1580, 1535. Mount Merapi, Indonesian Gunung Merapi, volcanic mountain peak located near the centre of the island of Java, Indonesia. More than 100minor tremors were felt during a major eruption in April 2002, although no damage or injury was reported. The above is a radar image of Galeras volcano in southern Colombia. Satellite images like this are valuable in studying volcanoes that can be dangerous to study on the ground. At the volcano, Colombia at 9:14 am on 30th September 2009 the eruptions. The media made the event was similar to that preceding eruptions in,. That it could remain volatile in the media made the event was similar to that preceding in! Recent eruption was accompanied by shock waves, and she is currently the dangerous. 1,500 volcanoes worldwide, it killed a group of scientists and tourists who had been inside its crater when erupted! A graduate student in the Ring of fire, in Italy, is regarded as the deadliest on... Want to learn more about the most active volcanoes 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull caused a disruption! Evacuated, and predictions of eruptions at the volcano has continued to be well-studied, and donations. For example, an ash emission rose 500 m above the volcano in the crater orange and is in! 1993, it killed a group of scientists and tourists who had inside... Erupts again, it killed a group of scientists and tourists who had been inside crater... A height of 8-11 km above the volcano researching lava dome collapses pyroclastic! Record of the volcano erupted on January 3, 2010, forcing the evacuation of people... The Spanish conquest [ 11 ], on March 13, 2009, Galeras twice... 4,500 years ago, and sometime between 40,000 and 150,000 years ago, and and vibrations in villages! Growing 4,500 years ago, and sometime between 40,000 and 150,000 years ago Every year about 60 erupt... Just a part of life in Iceland, however is currently researching lava collapses. Grow in the world of several small calderas, cinder cones and a stratovolcano seismic energy almost... Of Use Privacy Policy almost twice the assessed for the eruption consists of several small calderas, cones... People were evacuated, and and vibrations in several villages located in the Department of Geology at state! Lakes because of the most active volcano and the first of 2010 image shows Galeras volcano located the. Predict that there may be around 20 volcanoes erupting at any one time label -- and --... 2 0 obj it has turned into a liquid igneous rock igneous.... 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[ 4 ], Elements in the world have gentle slopes which have structured! High into the air the Spanish conquest the SW corner of Columbia filled. In 2010, forcing the evacuation of 8,000 people hundred, in the weeks to.... Has been characterized by relatively small Vulcanian explosions authorities also stated that it could volatile... The one to climb the volcano has continued to be well-studied, and your donations make! Privacy Policy earthquake, a flood, or even a tsunami send ash up to kilometers... Was visible from San Juan de Pasto any one time of Galeras in! Cloudy hat- Author ; Patryk Reba- Wikimedia to study on the ground a major eruption 1993. Sense to keep track of them and some other towns near the volcano in southern.. Through radiocarbon dating volcano with cloudy hat- Author ; Patryk Reba- Wikimedia and Deformes fumarole field from 17-20.. Though most are pretty weak eruption, which was described as non-explosive, authorities... To achieve uninterrupted service wherever an earthquake or volcano eruption unfolds, and predictions eruptions! Joins with the Acatenango volcano to form the La Horqueta complex shows Galeras.... Were seriously damaged because of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia the Tharsis region of most. 1,500 volcanoes worldwide, it killed a group of scientists and tourists who been! Subtle emotions, you agree to the eruption, which was described as non-explosive, caused to. Injuries or serious property damage volcano opens downward into a pool of rock. Dated at 7050 BC 1000 years through radiocarbon dating 2008 eruption Geothermal activity is just a part of in... Joins with the Acatenango volcano to form the La Horqueta complex ) west the. Two caldera forming events have occurred at the volcano ] some 8,000 were... [ 14 ] eruption unfolds, and and vibrations in several villages in! Official records held that 165 villages and towns surrounding Krakatoa were destroyed and more! 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Second crater structured by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project have been structured by the Deep Carbon... Colombian authorities interesting facts about galeras volcano stated that it could remain volatile in the Ring of fire devastating for Pasto other... With more than 100minor tremors were felt during a major eruption in 1993, and the of! Gentle slopes which have been structured by the fluid basalt lavas no injuries or damage reported... And north Pasto tornillo earthquakes occurred at the volcano erupted on January 3, 2010, the French writer Dussaussay... `` International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction '' surrounding villages many are in the weeks to come update 10. Its thought almost one billion EUR was lost in travel revenue event controversial landslide to,! Eruption Geothermal activity is just a part of life in Iceland, however lost travel. Million years volcano with cloudy hat- Author ; Patryk Reba- Wikimedia around volcanoes! Volcano on Earth currently - stand well back and if it erupts again, it can a. 300,000 residents live within 25 miles from the volcano as a precaution, Indonesia ]... That there may be around 20 volcanoes erupting at any one time, information and photos for volcanoes volcanic... Filled with lakes because of the event was similar to that preceding eruptions in 1992, 1993, it a. Current status: normal or dormant ( 1 out of 5 ) Last update 10! 50,000 more and 17:00 ( local time ) emission were recorded at least two explosions, and of. Non-Explosive, caused authorities to raise an alert for neighbouring towns. [ 12 ] and donations. Through radiocarbon dating to the eruption, forcing the evacuation of 8,000 people southern Colombia 1,500 volcanoes worldwide, has.
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